Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (738 page)

Fortified private residence commonly built from the 15th century through to the 17th century in northwest Europe, especially the English/Scottish borders, and parts of Ireland. Typically these buildings are square or rectangular in plan and have four or five storeys. They are characterized by thick stone walls and a stone vaulted basement. Although less well fortified than a
CASTLE
, tower houses nonetheless often have battlements, a heavily protected entrance, and small windows doubling as archery-loops. They generally provided permanent residences for wealthy and/or aristocratic members of society.

 
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A strongly fortified residence of a king or lord in which the
KEEP
, which may be freestanding or surrounded by a defensive enclosure, is the principal defensive feature. Tower keep castles were sited for defensive or offensive operations, often being administrative centres as well as fortifications. They are found in both rural and urban situations in many parts of northwestern Europe, being constructed from the 11th century
ad
through to the 15th century.

 
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Type of windmill, usually built of brick or stone, with a circular or conical body with a revolving cap for turning the sails into the wind.

 
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A residential dwelling within an urban or semi-urban environment, generally with a small frontage onto a street or thoroughfare and a yard of some kind behind.

 
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Style of middle Neolithic pottery dating to the fourth millennium
bc
, found at sites widely scattered over northeastern England and named after finds from a round barrow at Towthorpe in North Yorkshire. The style is characterized by mainly plain bowls with rounded bases and thick out-turned rims.

 
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Toynbee , Jocelyn Mary Catherine
(1897–1985)
[Bi].

British classicist, archaeologist, and Roman art historian. Educated at Winchester High School and Newnham College, Cambridge, she had a short spell teaching at Cheltenham Ladies' College immediately after graduating. She spent the rest of her working life in universities: St Hugh's, Oxford; Reading; from 1927 to 1951 as Fellow and Director of Studies in Classics at Newnham; and from 1951 as Laurence Professor of Classical Archaeology in the University of Cambridge. Amongst her best-known publications are
Art in Roman Britain
(1962, London: Phaidon) and
Animals in Roman life and art
(1973, London: Thames and Hudson).
[Obit.:
Antiquaries Journal
, 66 (1986), 509]

 
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