Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (302 page)

Heekeren , H. R. van
(1902–74)
[Bi].

Dutch archaeologist who spent much time in Indonesia, conducting excavations on Sulawesi and Java. Amongst his numerous publications are
The Stone Age of Indonesia
(1957. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff ), and
The Bronze–Iron Age of Indonesia
(1958. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff ).
[Obit.:
Antiquity
, 50 (1976), 91]

 
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Egyptian god of magic. Also connected with the fertility of the land, especially at Esna.

 
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Egyptian frog goddess who was widely worshipped in Egypt, particularly at Antinopolis. Associated with water and the rapids in rivers, she often appears in connection with KHNM. One of the deities connected with childbirth.

 
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The company of gods and goddesses closely associated with the cosmological system and creation myths taught by the priests of Heliopolis in ancient Egypt. These deities include: Nun (the father of the gods); Atum (the spirit that lived inside Nun prior to the creation); Ra (the sun god and creator); Khepri (a transformer god); Shu (a man created by Ra without recourse to a woman); Tefnut (sister of Shu); Anhur (the sky bearer); Geb (the physical foundation of the world); Nut (sky goddess); Osiris (god of the dead); Isis (wife of Osiris and mother of Horus); Set (evil brother of Osiris); Nephthys (goddess of the dead); Horus (solar god of the sky who also appears in various other guises as: Haroeris (sky god), Behdety (sky god), Harakhtes (god of the horizon), Harmakhis (god of the horizon), and Harsiesis); Hathor (sky goddess, daughter of Ra); Anubis (god of the underworld); Apuaut (he who opens the way); Thoth (messenger god); and Seshat (main wife of Thoth).

 
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General term applied to the Greek Bronze Age on the Greek mainland: equivalent to the term Cycladic referring to the island of Melos and others in the Cyclades and Minoan referring to Crete. Following the scheme developed by Wace and Blegan , the Helladic period is subdivided into early (
c.
3000–2000 bc), middle (
c.
2000–1550 bc), and late (
c.
1550–1050 bc) phases. These are often abbreviated to EH, MH, LH, and further split into numbered subphases, for example MHI. It was during the late Helladic period that the Mycenaean civilization developed, first at Mycenae, then at other centres in Greece, before spreading throughout the Aegean.

 
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A general term to refer to the time between the unification of Macedonia and the Greek states by Phillip II of Macedon in 336 bc and the arrival of the Roman empire in the late 1st century
bc
. During this time the Hellenistic world comprised Greece and the various kingdoms taken from the Persian empire in earlier centuries. Hellenistic art can be applied to post-classical material outside these strict geographical limits; indeed Hellenistic cultural influence continued to be a powerful force in the Roman and Parthian empires during the early centuries
ad
.

 
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