Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (115 page)

A term often applied to a specific type of metal or ceramic bowl or jar with a flat or reeded rim and an almost vertical upper wall above a sharp inward change of direction (the carination). Carinated bowls are distinctive of the early Neolithic in northwest Europe.

 
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Obsolete term originally developed by
J. X. W. P. CORCORAN
in the early 1960s for a series of middle Neolithic communities living in Northern Ireland, characterized especially by their use of horned cairns (
COURT CAIRNS
).

 
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A monastic order of friars established in the 13th century and known as the White Friars. Their houses were mainly, but not exclusively, in towns.

 
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A major group of Neolithic ceremonial and ritual monuments north of Carnac on the Gulf of Morbihan in southern Brittany. Four main groups of alignments run in a roughly southwest to northeast direction between the Quiberon peninsula to the west and the River Crac'h to the east. Each set of rows has between six and thirteen broadly parallel lines of upright stones and range in length from about 300m at Kerlescan up to about 1km at Ménec. The southwestern end of each group typically culminates in an oval or rectangular enclosure demarcated by stone pillars or a chambered tomb of some kind. The rows date mainly to the later Neolithic, the 3rd millennium
bc
, as shown by the fact that the Kermario alignments run over the top of a
LONG BARROW
. All four main groups of alignments lie in an area rich in other Neolithic sites, including numerous
STANDING STONES
and
PASSAGE GRAVES
. Further multiple stone alignments are known around Erdevaen about 8km to the northeast of Carnac.
[Sum.: A. Burl , 1993,
From Carnac to Callannish
. London and New Haven: Yale University Press]

 
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The late Iron Age tribe living in the far northwest of Scotland (Ross and Cromarty) at the time of the Roman conquest, but completely unaffected by it. Sandwiched between the
CAERENI
to the north and the Creones to the south, the Carnonacae had a traditional settlement pattern of
BROCHS
and
DUNS
during the later 1st millennium
bc
through to the mid 1st millennium
ad
.

 
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A bronze war-trumpet constructed with an animal head (usually a boar with the tongue forming a clapper) atop a long straight tube, at the base of which is a curved mouthpiece. Held upright in battle, its purpose was probably to produce noise and panic. In use by the 2nd century
bc
; some rather fine examples are illustrated on the
GUNDESTRUP
cauldron.

 
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