Come as You Are (53 page)

Suhler, Christopher L., and Patricia Churchland. “Can Innate, Modular ‘Foundations’ Explain Morality? Challenges for Haidt’s Moral Foundations Theory.”
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
23, no. 9 (2011): 2103–16. doi:10.1162/jocn.2011.21637.

Suschinsky, Kelly D., Martin L. Lalumière, and Meredith L. Chivers. “Sex Differences in Patterns of Genital Sexual Arousal: Measurement Artifacts or True Phenomena?”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
38, no. 4 (2009): 559–73. doi: 10.1007/s10508-008-9339-8.

Taylor, Shelley E., and Sarah L. Master. “Social Responses to Stress: The Tend-and-Befriend Model.” In
The Handbook of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health
, edited by Richard J. Contrada and Andrew Baum, 101–11. New York: Springer, 2011.

ter Kuile, Moniek M., Daan Vigeveno, and Ellen Laan. “Preliminary Evidence That Acute and Chronic Daily Psychological Stress Affect Sexual Arousal in Sexually Functional Women.”
Behaviour Research and Therapy
45, no. 9 (2007): 2078–89.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.03.006
.

Thomas, J. J., R. D. Crosby, S. A. Wonderlich, R. H. Striegel-Moore, and A. E. Becker. “A Latent Profile Analysis of the Typology of Bulimic Symptoms in an Indigenous Pacific Population: Evidence of Cross-Cultural Variation in Phenomenology.”
Psychological Medicine
41, no. 1 (2011): 195–206.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000255
.

Tiefer, Leonore. “Sex Therapy as a Humanistic Enterprise.”
Sexual and Relationship Therapy
21, no. 3 (2006): 359–75. doi: 10.1080/14681990600740723.

Toates, Frederick.
Biological Psychology
. 3rd ed. New York: Prentice Hall/Pearson, 2011.

———.
How Sexual Desire Works: The Enigmatic Urge
. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

———.
Motivational Systems.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986, 151–59.

Tolman, Deborah L.
Dilemmas of Desire: Teenage Girls Talk About Sexuality.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.

Tompkins, K. Brooke, Denise M. Martz, Courtney A. Rocheleau, and Doris G. Bazzini. “Social Likeability, Conformity, and Body Talk: Does Fat Talk Have a Normative Rival in Female Body Image Conversations?”
Body Image
6, no. 4 (2009): 292–98.

Toulalan, Sarah.
Imaging Sex: Pornography and Bodies in Seventeenth-Century England.
New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Tracey, Irene. “Getting the Pain You Expect: Mechanisms of Placebo, Nocebo and Reappraisal Effects in Humans.”
Nature Medicine
16 (2010): 1277–83. doi:10.1038/nm.2229.

Tybur, Joshua M., Debra Lieberman, and Vladas Griskevicius. “Microbes, Mating, and Morality: Individual Differences in Three Functional Domains of Disgust.”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
97, no. 1 (2009): 103–22. doi: 10.1037/a0015474.

Ullery, Elizabeth K., Vaughn S. Millner, Heath A. Willingham. “The Emergent Care and Treatment of Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.”
Family Journal
10, no. 3 (2002): 346–50. doi: 10.1177/10680702010003013.

UN Human Rights Council.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
February 1, 2013. A/HRC/22/53.

US Department of Justice.
Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women.
November 2000.
www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf
.

Van Dam, Nicholas T., Mitch Earleywine, and Sharon Danoff-Burg. “Differential Item Function Across Mediators and Non-Mediators on the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire.”
Personality and Individual Differences
47, no. 5 (2009): 516–21.

Van Dam, Nicholas T., Sean C. Sheppard, John P. Forsyth, and Mitch Earleywine. “Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression.”
Journal of Anxiety Disorders
25, no. 1 (2011): 123–130.

van de Velde, T. H.
Ideal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique.
Trans. Stella Brown. New York: Random House, 1926.

van Rooij, Kim, Saskia Poels, Jos Bloemers, Irwin Goldstein, Jeroen Gerritsen, Diana van Ham, and Frederiek van Mameren, et al. “Toward Personalized Sexual Medicine (Part 3): Testosterone Combined with a Serotonin1A Receptor Agonist Increases Sexual Satisfaction in Women with HSDD and FSAD, and Dysfunctional Activation of Sexual Inhibitory Mechanisms.”
Journal of Sexual Medicine
10, no. 3 (2013): 824–37. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02982.x.

Varjonen, Markus, Pekka Santtila, Maria Höglund, Patrick Jern, Ada Johansson, Ingrid Wager, Katarina Witting, Monica Ålgars, and N. Kenneth Sandnabba. “Genetic and Environmental Effects on Sexual Excitation and Sexual Inhibition in Men.”
Journal of Sex Research
44, no. 4 (207): 359–69. doi: 10.1080/00224490701578653.

Wallen, Kim, and Elisabeth A. Lloyd. “Female Sexual Arousal: Genital Anatomy and Orgasm in Intercourse.”
Hormones and Behavior
59, no. 5 (2011): 780–92. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.12.004.

Warber, Katie M., and Tara M. Emmers-Sommer. “The Relationships among Sex, Gender and Attachment.”
Language and Communications Quarterly
1 (2012): 60–81.

Wellcome Science. “Lie Back and Think of Science.” Issue 1, October 2005.
www.wellcome.ac.uk/stellent/groups/corporatesite/@msh_publishing_group/documents/web_document/wtd019376.pdf?q=wellcomescience#page=44
.

Williams, Mark, John Teasdale, Zindel Segal, Jon Kabat-Zinn.
The Mindful Way through Depression: Freeing Yourself from Chronic Unhappiness.
New York: Guilford Press, 2007.

Wilson, S. K., J. R. Delk, and K. L. Billups. “Treating Symptoms of Female Sexual Arousal Disorder with the Eros-Clitoral Therapy Device.”
Journal of Gender Specific Medicine
4, no. 2 (2001): 54–58.

Witting, K., P. Santtila, F. Rijsdijk, M. Varjonen, P. Jern, A. Johansson, B. von der Pahlen, K. Alanko, and N.K. Sandnabba. “Correlated Genetic and Non-Shared Environmental Influences Account for the Co-Morbidity Between Female Sexual Dysfunctions.”
Psychological Medicine
39, no. 1 (2009): 115–27.

Woertman, Liesbeth, and Femke van den Brink. “Body Image and Female Sexual Functioning and Behavior: A Review.”
Journal of Sex Research
49, no. 2 (2012): 184–211. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2012.658586.

World Health Organization. “Violence Against Women: Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence against Women.” Fact sheet no. 239, October 2013.
www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/
.

Wrosch, Carsten, Michael F. Scheier, Charles S. Carver, and Richard Schulz. “The Importance of Goal Disengagement in Adaptive Self-Regulation: When Giving Up Is Beneficial.”
Self and Identity
2 (2003): 1–20.

Yeshe, Lama Thubten.
Introduction to Tantra: The Transformation of Desire.
ReadHowYouWant.com
, 2010.

Zubieta, Jon-Kar, and Christian S. Stohler. “Neurobiological Mechanisms of Placebo Responses.”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1156 (2009): 198–210. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04424.x.

notes

one: anatomy

1.
 Aristotle,
Complete Master-Piece
, 60.

2.
 Drysdale, Russell, and Glover, “Labiaplasty.”

3.
 Moran and Lee, “What’s Normal?”

4.
 The reality of the hymen is finally beginning to be discussed in the mainstream in the form of documentaries like
How to Lose Your Virginity
and the media coverage related to it (Feeney, “Living Myths About Virginity”).

5.
 Hegazy and Al-Rukban, “Hymen: Facts and Conceptions.”

6.
 This was in Talbot House in the fall semester of 2012. Hi, Talbot!

7.
 Not everyone is comfortable with the term “intersex.” Some people prefer “ambiguous genitals,” and there’s currently a movement toward “disorders of sex development” or DSD (see Dreger, “Why ‘Disorders of Sex Development’?”). I use “intersex” here because it feels most appropriate for this nonmedical context.

8.
 As obvious as this idea seems, given the all-the-same-parts framework, it is actually a radical idea that intersex activists have been fighting hard to promote for several decades. It’s the only view that makes biological sense, and again, it’s only from a cultural point of view that anyone could think otherwise. And yet in too many places, standard medical practice is to perform surgery to “normalize” the genitals (Organization Intersex, “Public Statement”). Note that in 2013, the United Nations’ special rapporteur on torture included these surgeries in his “Report on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” The report condemned medically unnecessary “normalizing” surgeries, because “they can cause scarring, loss of sexual sensation, pain, incontinence and lifelong depression and have also been criticized as being unscientific, potentially harmful and contributing to stigma” (United Nations, “Special Report,” 18).

9.
 McDowell, Fryar, Ogden, and Flegal, “Anthropometric Reference Data.”

10.
 “Operation Beautiful” is responsible for this excellent phrase,
www.operationbeautiful.com/
.

two: the dual control model

1.
 Canner,
Orgasm, Inc.

2.
 Bradford and Meston, “Correlates of Placebo Response.”

3.
 Janssen and Bancroft, “The Dual Control Model,” 197.

4.
 Carpenter et al., “Sexual Excitation and Inhibition Profiles.”

5.
 A not-so-sensitive accelerator, on the other hand, regardless of brakes, is one predictor of asexuality—people who don’t desire sexual contact (not “stones”—folks who only want to touch their partners but don’t want to be touched themselves). In the handful of studies on people who identify themselves as asexual, it turns out that they have significantly less accelerator than their sexual counterparts (Prause and Graham, “Asexuality”). There is no difference in their brakes, however. So maybe part of the cause of asexuality as a sexual orientation is that these women’s brains are not prone to noticing sexually relevant stimuli. Of course this is only one part of the story, since asexuals represent only about 1 percent of the general population and about 5 to10 percent of women score as low SES. Again, there’s nothing broken or wrong; asexual people’s sexual response mechanisms are made of all the same stuff as sexual people’s, they’re just organized in a different way.

6.
 Adapted from Milhausen et al., “Validation of the Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory.”

7.
 Carpenter et al., “Women’s Scores.”

8.
 Mental state impact on sexual interest: