Collins Cobuild English Grammar (230 page)

present perfect
4.33
–
4.36
,
R100

situations that still exist
4.35

emphasizing duration of event
4.36

time adverbials used with the present perfect
4.46
–
4.48

present perfect progressive
4.35
–
4.36
,
R101

present possibility
5.124

present progressive
4.17
–
4.20
,
R128

moment of speaking
4.17

emphasizing the present moment
4.18

progressive change
4.19

habitual actions
4.20

firm plans for the future
4.60

vivid narrative
4.65

in conditional sentences
8.29

present simple
4.8
–
4.16

general present including present moment
4.9

regular or habitual actions
4.11

in reviews
4.12
–
4.13

in commentaries
4.14

in reporting
4.15

commenting
4.16

vivid narrative
4.65

in conditional sentences
8.29

present time
4.7
–
4.25

present simple
4.8
–
4.16

present progressive
4.17
–
4.20

using time adverbials to indicate present time
4.21
–
4.25

previous
2.232
,
4.107
,
10.11

promises
5.8

pronouns
1.93
–
1.161

•generic pronouns
1.119
–
1.123

•indefinite pronouns
1.128
–
1.141

•interrogative pronouns
1.151
–
1.153

•demonstrative pronouns
1.124
–
1.127

•personal pronouns
1.95
–
1.106

•possessive pronouns
1.107
–
1.110

•reciprocal pronouns
1.142
–
1.145

•reflexive pronouns
1.111
–
1.118

•relative pronouns
1.146
–
1.150

as objects
3.75

after linking verbs
3.145

used for referring back
10.3

pronunciation
R1

of
the
1.165

of
a
or
an
1.229

of
there
9.46

of the plurals of nouns
R4
–
R8

of possessives
R32
–
R40

of apostrophe
s
forms
R37
–
R38

of verb forms
R55
–
R59
,
R72

proper nouns
1.3
,
1.52
–
1.58

relationship nouns
1.54

titles
1.55

in noun modifiers
2.173
–
2.174

punctuation

of quotes
7.26

of non-defining relative clauses
8.86

purpose clauses
8.43
–
8.48

putting something first
9.69

verb first
8.36
–
8.37

adverbials first
9.70

reported question first
9.71

using whole sentences to point forward
9.78

—————— Q ——————

qualifiers (expanding the noun phrase)
1.178
,
1.231
,
2.272
–
2.301
,
6.100
–
6.101

qualitative adjectives
2.7
,
2.22
–
2.25

qualitative
-ed
adjectives
2.80

compound qualitative adjectives
2.97

intensifying qualitative adjectives
2.143
–
2.144

reducing the effect of qualitative adjectives
2.145

linking qualitative adjectives
8.181

quantity expressions
2.176
–
2.193

numbers as quantity expressions
2.227

questions
5.10
–
5.34

yes/no
-questions
5.12
–
5.13

question tags
5.15
–
5.20

either/or
-questions
5.20

without a verb
5.25
,
5.45

rhetorical questions
5.44
,
9.94

with modals
5.103

reporting questions
7.32

wh
-questions
7.37
–
7.38

question tags
5.15
–
5.20

forming question tags
5.16

checking statements
5.17

replying to tags
5.18

other uses
5.19

with modals
5.104

quite
2.193
,
6.49
–
6.50

quotation marks
7.16
,
7.26

quotes
7.2
,
7.16

—————— R ——————

rarely
5.80
–
5.86

rather

before a comparative
2.162

would rather
5.204

reason clauses
8.49
–
8.53

reciprocal pronouns
1.142
–
1.145

reciprocal verbs
3.5
,
3.68
–
3.70

referring back
1.173
–
1.174
,
10.2
–
10.39

with determiners
10.4
–
10.5

demonstratives referring to things
10.7
–
10.9

demonstratives referring to sentences
10.10

with
former
and
latter
10.13
–
10.14

referring to pieces of writing
10.23

with
do so
10.27

with adjectives
10.32

with adverbials
10.38
–
10.39

referring forward
10.40
–
10.47

using
this
and
these
10.41
–
10.42

using
following
10.43

using
next
10.44

using
below
10.45

using
such
10.46

reflexive pronouns
1.111
–
1.118

used as object
1.113
–
1.114

used as object of preposition
1.115

used for emphasis or contrast
1.116
–
1.118
,
3.29
–
3.31

in reported speech
7.81

reflexive verbs
3.26
–
3.31

in the passive
9.22

refusal
5.114
,
5.194
–
5.196

regret
5.207

relative clauses
8.83
–
8.116

with superlatives
2.116

with indefinite place adverbs
6.62

punctuation in
8.86

use after pronouns
8.87

relative pronouns
1.146
–
1.150
,
8.84
–
8.116

who
and
whom
1.147

which
1.148

that
1.149

whose
1.150

referring to people in defining clauses
8.90

referring to things in defining clauses
8.91

referring to people in non-defining clauses
8.93

referring to things in non-defining clauses
8.94

reported speech
5.111
,
7.27
–
7.85

reported questions
1.153
,
7.32
–
7.38

reporting verbs
3.24
–
3.25
,
7.5
–
7.15

indicating the way that something is said
7.12

negatives in reporting clauses
7.13

position of reporting verb
7.22
–
7.24

position of reported clauses
7.31

time reference
7.49

tense of verb in reported clause
7.52

modals in reported clauses
7.53
–
7.58

making your reference appropriate
7.60

avoiding mention of the person speaking or thinking
7.68
–
7.71

referring to the speaker and hearer
7.72
–
7.81

use of passive
7.73
–
7.74
,
7.69

nouns used with reported clauses
7.86

passive of reporting verbs
9.45

reporting verbs
3.24
–
3.25
,
7.5
–
7.15
,
7.33
–
7.34

showing the purpose of speaking
7.7
–
7.8

reporting speech and thought in informal spoken English
7.14
–
7.15