Citizen Emperor (210 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 45 . | Camille Lévi (ed.), Mémoires du capitaine Duthilt (Lille, 1909), p. 308. |
| 46 . | Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon , pp. 352–5. |
| 47 . | Müffling, Memoirs , pp. 208–11; Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy , ii. p. 354; Lawrence J. Flockerzie, ‘Saxony, Austria, and the German Question after the Congress of Vienna, 1815–1816’, International History Review , 12:4 (1990), 667–8. |
| 48 . | Extract of a letter from a German officer in The Battle of Waterloo: Containing the Accounts Published by Authority, British and Foreign, and Other Relative Documents (London, 1815), p. lxxi (16 July 1815). |
| 49 . | Charles Oman, ‘The French Losses in the Waterloo Campaign’, English Historical Review , 19 (1904), 681–93. Slightly different figures are given in Houssaye, 1815 , ii. pp. 184, 213. |
| 50 . | Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , p. 1066; Black, Waterloo , p. 28. Another 17,000 allied troops under Prince Frederick of Orange were stationed in a defensive position south of the village of Hal, fourteen kilometres to the west. Inexplicably, they were not used during the battle. |
| 51 . | Victor Hugo, Les misérables , trans. Charles E. Wilbour (New York, 1992), p. 271. |
| 52 . | Bertaud, Guerre et société en France , p. 74. |
| 53 . | For the campaign and the battle itself see Parker, Three Napoleonic Battles , pp. 102–209; Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , pp. 1008–93; Andrew Roberts, Waterloo: Napoleon’s Last Gamble (London, 2005); Barbero, The Battle ; Black, Waterloo ; Pascal Cyr, Waterloo: origines et enjeux (Paris, 2011). |
| 54 . | Lieven, ‘Russia and the Defeat of Napoleon’, 289. |
| 55 . | Barbero, The Battle , p. 13. |
| 56 . | The theme of Peter Hofschröer’s 1815: The Waterloo Campaign: The German Victory, from Waterloo to the Fall of Napoleon (London, 1999). |
| 57 . | Roberts, Waterloo , pp. 55–6. |
| 58 . | Lagneau, Journal , pp. 301–3. |
| 59 . | Black, Waterloo , p. 136. |
| 60 . | Las Cases, Mémorial , ii. pp. 244–58. |
| 61 . | Carnot, Mémoires sur Carnot par son fils , ii. p. 503. |
| 62 . | Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington during his Various Campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries and France, from 1799 to 1818 , 13 vols (London, 1837–9), xii. p. 529 (2 July 1815). |
| 63 . | Figures quoted in Gates, The Napoleonic Wars , p. 221. |
| 64 . | Attributed to Cambronne but probably pronounced by a simple soldier ( Moniteur universel , 29 June 1815). |
| 65 . | Jean-Marc Largeaud, ‘Waterloo dans la culture française (1815–1914)’, Revista Napoleonica , 1–2 (2000), 120. |
| 66 . | Toussaint-Jean Trefcon, Carnet de campagne du colonel Trefcon, 1793–1815 (Paris, 1914), p. 193. |
| 67 . | Jean-Baptiste Lemonnier-Delafosse, Souvenirs militaires du capitaine Jean-Baptiste Lemonnier-Delafosse (Paris, 2002), p. 229; Joseph Tyrbas de Chamberet, Mémoires d’un médecin militaire: aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles (Paris, 2001), pp. 167, 168; Silvain Larreguy de Civrieux, Souvenirs d’un cadet (1812–1823) (Paris, 1912), pp. 172–3; Fantin des Odoards, Journal , p. 439. |
| 68 . | An officer in Picton’s division. |
| 69 . | See Black, Waterloo , pp. 159–66. |
| 70 . | Hantraye, Les cosaques aux Champs-Elysées , p. 23. |
| 71 . | Barbero, The Battle , pp. 309–10. |
| 72 . | Montcalm, Mon journal , pp. 82–3 (4 July 1815). |
| 73 . | Although when John Quincy Adams, in London at the time, read the dispatch he was convinced that Wellington had been annihilated. Wellington’s dispatches were notoriously understated (Philip Henry, fifth Earl of Stanhope, Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington, 1831–1851 (London, n.d.), p. 145). |
| 74 . | Scott published a poem, The Field of Waterloo , in October of the same year. |
| 75 . | Many returned home to publish their impressions in travelogues. See the list of travel accounts published in Jules Deschamps, ‘En Belgique avec les anglais après Waterloo’, Revue des études napoléoniennes , 31 (1930), 225–6. |
| 76 . | Stuart Semmel, ‘Reading the Tangible Past: British Tourism, Collecting, and Memory after Waterloo’, Representations , 69 (Winter 2000), 9–37, here 26. |
| 77 . | Cited in Samuel Hynes, The Soldier’s Tale: Bearing Witness to Modern War (New York, 1997), p. 17. |
| 78 . | Corr. xxviii. n. 22062 (21 June 1815). |
| 79 . | Lecestre (ed.), Lettres inédites , ii. pp. 357–8. |
| 80 . | Jean-Marc Largeaud, ‘Les temps retrouvés de Waterloo’, Revue d’histoire du XIXe siècle , 25 (2002), 145; Jean-Marc Largeaud, Napoléon et Waterloo: la défaite glorieuse de 1815 à nos jours (Paris, 2006), pp. 32–3. |
| 81 . | Moniteur universel , 21 June 1815. |
| 82 . | Claude Etienne Guyot, Carnets de campagnes (1792–1815) (Paris, 1999), p. 367. |
| 83 . | Bertaud, L’abdication , pp. 56–7. |
| 84 . | According to Villemain, Souvenirs contemporains , ii. p. 262. |
| 85 . | Carnot, Mémoires sur Carnot par son fils , ii. pp. 510–11. |
| 86 . | Houssaye, 1815 , iii. p. 15; John G. Gallaher, ‘Marshal Davout and the Second Bourbon Restoration’, French Historical Studies , 6:3 (1970), 351. |
| 87 . | Fleury de Chaboulon, Mémoires , ii. pp. 211–14. |
| 88 . | Corr. xxviii. n. 22061 (20 June 1815). |
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