Citizen Emperor (192 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
166
. Andrei Zorin, ‘“Star of the East”: The Holy Alliance and European Mysticism’,
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
, 4 (2003), 331.
167
. Martin,
Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries
, pp. 144–5; Rey,
Alexandre Ier
, pp. 328–30.
168
. Cited in Adams,
Napoleon and Russia
, p. 415.
THE ADVENTURER, 1813–1814
21: ‘The Enemy of the Human Race’
| 1 . | Caulaincourt, Memoirs , ii. pp. 292–3; Bourgoing, Souvenirs , pp. 213–14. |
| 2 . | Caulaincourt, Memoirs , ii. p. 318. |
| 3 . | Chaptal, Mes souvenirs , pp. 331–2. |
| 4 . | Fernand L’Huillier, ‘Une crise des subsistances dans le Bas-Rhin (1810–1812), Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 14 (1937), 518–36; Pierre Léon, ‘La crise des subsistances de 1810–1812 dans le départmente de l’Isère’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 24 (1952), 289–310; Petiteau, Les Français et l’Empire , pp. 206–12; Pascal Chambon, La Loire et l’aigle: les Foréziens face à l’Etat napoléonien (Saint-Etienne, 2005), pp. 345–6. |
| 5 . | Lignereux, L’Empire des Français , p. 227. |
| 6 . | See Eugène Lomier, Histoire des regiments des Gardes d’Honneur, 1813–1814 (Paris, 1924); Léon Deries, La conscription des riches: les Gardes d’honneur de Maine-et-Loire de l’année 1813 (Angers, 1929); Chambon, La Loire et l’aigle , pp. 361–78; Georges Housset, La Garde d’honneur de 1813–1814: histoire du corps et de ses soldats (Paris, 2009), pp. 27–8, 33–41, 141–58. It is true that a little over one-quarter of the overall effectives (around 2,500 out of 9,500 men) would volunteer for these positions, but the majority were there against their better judgement. At the beginning of 1813, letters were addressed to Napoleon by individuals and authorities expressing a desire to form a ‘departmental guard’ that looks like the precursor to the Guard of Honour (AN AFIV 1453). |
| 7 . | Lignereux, L’Empire des Français , p. 295. |
| 8 . | Sorel, L’Europe et la Révolution française , viii. p. 39. |
| 9 . | Corr. xxiv and xxv. Dozens of letters were sent to the minister of war, General Clarke, and to Berthier as major general of the Grande Armée, at the end of December 1812 and during the months of January, February and March 1813. |
| 10 . | Léonce de Brotonne (ed.), Lettres inédites de Napoléon Ier (Paris, 1898), n. 1026 (7 January 1813). |
| 11 . | Corr. xxiv. n. 19218 (23 September 1812). |
| 12 . | Leggiere, ‘From Berlin to Leipzig’, 49. |
| 13 . | Caulaincourt, Memoirs , ii. pp. 346–9; Agathon-Jean-François Fain, Manuscrit de mil huit cent treize, contenant le précis des événemens de cette année, pour servir à l’histoire de l’empereur Napoléon , 2 vols (Paris, 1824), i. p. 131. |
| 14 . | Caulaincourt, Memoirs , ii. pp. 61–2. |
| 15 . | Dard, Napoléon et Talleyrand , pp. 301–2. |
| 16 . | Caulaincourt, Memoirs , ii. p. 349. |
| 17 . | According to Hortense, Mémoires , ii. p. 147. |
| 18 . | Gotteri (ed.), La police secrète , vii. p. 384 (13 November 1813). |
| 19 . | Fouché, Mémoires , ii. p. 131. |
| 20 . | AN F1C I 12, Comptes-résumés des bruits (December 1812–June 1813); Woloch, The New Regime , pp. 418–21. |
| 21 . | See for example the public votes of support by the municipal councils of Paris, Nanterre, Beauvais, Versailles, Dreux, Châteaudun and Seine-Inférieure, January 1813. Note that they are all from the Paris region. |
| 22 . | See Fontaine, Journal , i. p. 382. |
| 23 . | Hauterive, La police secrète du premier Empire , iii. pp. 156, 266, 279, 283, 298, 300, 314 (14 February, 5, 17, 20 June, 7, 8, 25 July 1807). |
| 24 . | See, for example, Gotteri (ed.), La police secrète , vii. p. 385 (13 November 1813), which states that most of those called up in Tuscany had deserted. Other figures can be found in Roger Dufraisse and Michel Kerautret, La France napoléonienne: aspects extérieurs, 1799–1815 (Paris, 1999), p. 195; Jean Tulard, La vie quotidienne des Français sous Napoléon (Paris, 1978), pp. 151–3; Petiteau, Les Français et l’Empire , pp. 212–21. |
| 25 . | Annie Crépin, La conscription en débats ou le triple apprentissage de la Nation, de la citoyenneté, de la République (1798–1889) (Artois, 1998), p. 32. |
| 26 . | Annie Crépin, Défendre la France: les Français, la guerre et le service militaire, de la guerre de Sept Ans à Verdun (Rennes, 2005), p. 149. |
| 27 . | Rowe, ‘France, Prussia, or Germany?’, 623. |
| 28 . | Alan Forrest, Conscripts and Deserters: The Army and French Society during the Revolution and Empire (Oxford, 1989), p. 41. |
| 29 . | AN F7 6349, Hambourg. Rapports du directeur général de la police (21, 28 and 31 January 1813); Dufraisse, ‘L’écroulement de la domination française en Allemagne’, pp. 477, 484–5; Aaslestad, Place and Politics , p. 265. |
| 30 . | AN F7 6349 (13 and 22 January 1813). |
| 31 . | AN F7 6349 (15 January 1813). |
| 32 . | Aaslestad, Place and Politics , p. 266. |
| 33 . | Aaslestad, Place and Politics , pp. 266–7, and n. 96 for other sources. |
| 34 . | AN F7 6349 (28 January 1813). |
| 35 . | Schama, Patriots and Liberators , pp. 628–30. |
| 36 . | Broers, Napoleon’s Other War , p. 101. |
| 37 . | Aaslestad, Place and Politics , pp. 266–7. |
| 38 . | Roger Dufraisse, ‘A propos des guerres de délivrance allemandes de 1813’, Revue de l’Institut Napoléon , 148 (1987), 14. |
| 39 . | Figures cited in Werner K. Blessing, ‘Umbruchkrise und “Verstörung”: die “Napoleonische” Erschütterung und ihre sozialpsychologische Bedeutung (Bayern als Beispiel)’, Zeitschrift für bayerische Landesgeschichte , 42 (1979), 78–9 n. 13. |
| 40 . | Aaslestad, Place and Politics , p. 268. |
| 41 . | Rey, Alexandre Ier , pp. 332–4. |
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