Citizen Emperor (122 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 45 . | Louis-Alexandre Berthier was named minister of war, replacing Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé, who had refused to take part in the coup (Victor-Bernard Derrécagaix, Le maréchal Berthier, prince de Wagram et de Neuchâtel , 2 vols (Paris, 1904, reprinted 2002), i. pp. 370–5). Having a faithful ally in this position was a not so subtle means of controlling the army, assuming Bonaparte could purge it of hostile elements, but Berthier was also a competent administrator. The only other new ministers were Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin in finance (for Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet, who refused office), and Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace, a member of the Institute, who was made minister of the interior as a sop to the Ideologues who had supported the coup (Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin, Mémoires, souvenirs, opinions et écrits du Duc de Gaëte , 2 vols (Paris, 1826), pp. 45–6; Roger Hahn, Pierre Simon Laplace 1749–1827: A Determined Scientist (Cambridge, Mass., 2005), pp. 128–30). All the other ministers were, for the moment, kept in place: Jean-Jacques Régis de Cambacérès remained as minister of justice; Charles-Frédéric Reinhard was maintained as minister for foreign affairs; Fouché was maintained as minister of police; while Marc-Antoine Bourdon Vatry was kept in the navy. It was not then a radical departure from the Directory, not at this stage at least. |
| 46 . | Antoine Boulay de la Meurthe, Théorie constitutionnelle de Sieyès: Constitution de l’an VIII (Paris, 1836), pp. 3–4. |
| 47 . | Boulay de la Meurthe, Théorie constitutionnelle , pp. 46, 48; Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. pp. 493–501. On the various drafts see Jean-Denis Bredin, Sieyès: la clé de la Révolution française (Paris, 1988), pp. 466–84. On the Constitution of the Year VIII see Andrew Jainchill, Reimagining Politics after the Terror: The Republican Origins of French Liberalism (Ithaca, 2008), pp. 223–42; Paolo Colombo, ‘La question du pouvoir exécutif dans l’évolution institutionnelle et le débat politique révolutionnaire’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 319 (2000), 1–26. On the idea of a Grand Elector see Maurice Gauchet, La révolution des pouvoirs: la souveraineté, le peuple et la représentation, 1789–1799 (Paris, 1995), pp. 219–23. |
| 48 . | Pierre-Louis Roederer, Oeuvres du comte de P.-L. Roederer , 8 vols (Paris, 1853–9), iii.p. 303; Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. pp. 502–3; Bastid, Sieyès , pp. 254–5. |
| 49 . | See Corr. xxx. pp. 344–5; Joseph Fouché, Mémoires de Joseph Fouché, duc d’Otrant , 2 vols (Paris, 1824), i. pp. 161–2 (on the reliability of Fouché’s memoirs see Jean Tulard, Joseph Fouché (Paris, 1998), pp. 429–36); Antoine-Clair Thibaudeau, Mémoires sur le Consulat, 1799 à 1804 (Paris, 1827), p. 270; Gueniffey, Le Dix-huit Brumaire , p. 339; Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , pp. 28–31. |
| 50 . | Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. p. 504. |
| 51 . | See Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. pp. 502–26; Gueniffey, Le Dix-huit Brumaire , pp. 334–43; Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , pp. 28–35; Lentz, Grand Consulat , pp. 103–6. |
| 52 . | Fouché, Mémoires , i. p. 165. |
| 53 . | For example, Fouché, Mémoires , i. pp. 165–6. |
| 54 . | Jean-Antoine Chaptal, Mes souvenirs sur Napoléon (Paris, 1893), p. 333. |
| 55 . | The phrase was used in Cabanis, Quelques Considérations , p. 27. |
| 56 . | For the Senate see Jean Thiry, Le Sénat de Napoleon: 1800–1814 (Paris, 1949), pp. 39–50. |
| 57 . | Jeremy D. Popkin, ‘Conservatism under Napoleon: The Political Writings of Joseph Fiévée’, History of European Ideas , 5 (1984), 387–8. |
| 58 . | Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. p. 523. The scene is recounted by Louis-Marie Larevellière-Lépeaux, Mémoires de Larevellière-Lépeaux, membre du Directoire exécutif de la République française , 3 vols (Paris, 1895), ii. pp. 420–6. Larevellière-Lépeaux was not present but he was told by Daunou and Cambacérès. Alphonse-Honoré Taillandier, Documents biographiques sur P.-C.-F. Daunou (Paris, 1841), pp. 114–15. |
| 59 . | Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. p. 43; Bredin, Sieyès , pp. 484–5. |
| 60 . | The newspapers were consequently able to write that the vote had taken place ‘by acclamation, without voting, and unanimously’ (Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. p. 523). |
| 61 . | Sieyès was named president of the Senate for one year where he could have become the leader of an active opposition movement. Instead, he virtually ceased to count as a political entity. Bonaparte gave Sieyès contested nationalized land near Versailles, which he never occupied but which seems to have damaged his reputation even further. |
| 62 . | Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. p. 523. |
| 63 . | Johann Friedrich Reichardt, Un hiver à Paris sous le Consulat, 1802–1803 (Paris, 1896), p. 134. |
| 64 . | Louis-Mathieu Molé, Le Comte Molé, 1781–1855: sa vie, ses mémoires , 6 vols (Paris, 1922–30), i. pp. 70, 193. |
| 65 . | That neglect has in part been rectified by Woloch, Napolon and his Collaborators , esp. pp. 120–55; and Laurence Chatel de Brancion, Cambacérès: maître d’oeuvre de Napoléon (Paris, 2001). |
| 66 . | Cited in André Cabanis, Le sacre de Napoléon (Paris, 1970), p. 40. |
| 67 . | Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , ii. pp. 46–7; Irene Collins, Napoleon and his Parliaments: 1800–1815 (London, 1979), pp. 28–46. |
| 68 . | Moniteur universel , 14 nivôse an VIII (5 January 1800); Honoré Duveyrier, Anecdotes historiques (Paris, 1907), pp. 312–20, has a different version of events. See Léon de Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon , 8 vols (Paris, 1905–13), i. pp. 177–8; Frédéric Masson, Napoléon et sa famille , 13 vols (Paris, 1897–1919), i. p. 305. |
| 69 . | Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , ii. pp. 48–55; Kurt Kloocke, Benjamin Constant: une biographie intellectuelle (Geneva, 1984), p. 96. |
| 70 . | Jainchill, Reimagining Politics , pp. 198–9. |
| 71 . | Gazette de France , 12 January 1800 (22 nivôse an VIII); La Décade philosophique, littéraire et politique , 20 nivôse an VIII (20 January 1800); Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. pp. 79–80, 84, 87; Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , ii. pp. 54–5; Louis de Villefosse and Janine Bouissounouse, L’opposition à Napoléon (Paris, 1969), pp. 116–17. |
| 72 . | P.M., ‘Un document sur l’histoire de la presse: la préparation de l’arrêté du 27 nivôse an VIII’, La Révolution française , 44 (January–June 1903), 78–82; André Cabanis, La Presse sous le Consulat et l’Empire (Paris, 1975), pp. 12–14. |
| 73 . | P.-J.-B. Buchez and P.-C. Roux, Histoire parlementaire de la Révolution française, ou Journal des assemblées nationales depuis 1789 jusqu’en 1815 , 40 vols (Paris, 1834–8), xxxviii. pp. 331–2. |
| 74 . | Cabanis, La presse , pp. 11–41, 69–71; ‘Introduction’, in Hannah Barker and Simon Burrows (eds), Press, Politics and the Public Sphere in Europe and North America, 1760–1820 (Cambridge, 2002), p. 16; Henri Welschinger, La censure sous le Premier Empire, avec documents inédits (Paris, 1882), p. 119. |
Other books
The Alley of Love and Yellow Jasmines by Shohreh Aghdashloo
BRAVE, Episode Three - the Color of Danger by Melissa Shaw
We Will Hunt Together by J. Hepburn
Time of Death by James Craig
The Whispering Mountain by Joan Aiken
Love Is Strange (I Know... #2) by Whitney Bianca
Far-Seer by Robert J Sawyer
Nature of Ash, The by Hager, Mandy
Web of Evil: A Novel of Suspense by J. A. Jance
Tricky Business by Dave Barry
