Chinese Comfort Women (40 page)

61
Xie et al.,
RQHZS
, 419.

Chapter 3: Different Types of Military “Comfort Stations” in China

1
This information is based on Su Zhiliang,
Weianfu yanjiu
[A study of the comfort women] (Shanghai: Shanghai shudian chubanshe, 1999), 275-76; Miki Y. Ishikida,
Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan
(New York: iUniverse, 2005), 61; and Sarah Soh,
The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 137-38.

2
Su,
Weianfu yanjiu
, 275-76.

3
Chen Lifei,
Rijun weianfu zhidu pipan
[A critical analysis of the Japanese military comfort women system] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2006), 123-28.

4
Yuki Tanaka writes that a large number of Japanese military documents, including records of military plans and operations and field diaries, are still classified and are not open to public investigation. The Japanese police documents from the time of the Asia-Pacific War are also closed. In addition, documents prepared by the Japanese government ministries that reveal who were responsible for rounding up and trafficking women for the comfort stations are not accessible to researchers. See Yuki Tanaka,
Japan’s Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution during World War II and the US Occupation
(New York: Routledge, 2002), 19-20.

5
Hirofumi Hayashi, “Disputes in Japan over the Japanese Military ‘Comfort Women’ System and Its Perception in History,”
Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science
617 (2008): 127.

6
Tanaka,
Japan’s Comfort Women
, 19-28.

7
The information is from Chen,
Rijun weianfu zhidu pipan
, 180.

8
Nagasawa Ken’ichi,
Kankō ianjo
[Comfort stations in Hankou] (Tokyo: Tosho shuppansha, 1983), 44, cited in Yoshimi Yoshiaki,
Jūgun ianfu
[Military comfort women] (Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1995), 131. Translation of this information owes much to Suzanne O’Brien, trans.,
Comfort Women
, 132-33.

9
Li Xianheng, “Rijun shezhi weiansuo de baoxing” [Japanese army’s violence in setting up comfort stations] in
Qin-Hua Rijun baoxing zonglu
[Collection of investigative records of the atrocities committed by the Japanese forces during Japan’s invasion of China], ed. Li Bingxin, Xu Junyuan, and Shi Yuxin (Shijiazhuang: Hebei renmin chubanshe, 1995), 1275. Hereafter Li et al.,
QHRBZ
.

10
Asō Tetsuo,
Shanhai yori Shanhai e: Heitan byōyin no sanfujinkai
[From Shanghai to Shanghai: A gynecologist at the commissariat hospital] (Fukuoka: Sekifūsha, 1993), 214-30.

11
Su,
Weianfu yanjiu
, 57-71.

12
Ibid., 59.

13
For earlier researchers’ discussions of the varieties of comfort stations, see Yoshimi,
Jūgun ianfu
, 74; Tanaka,
Japan’s Comfort Women
, 18-19; and Soh,
Comfort Women
, 117-32.

14
Asō,
Shanhai yori Shanhai e
, 214-30.

15
Chen,
Rijun weianfu zhidu pipan
, 182.

16
Wu Liansheng’s testimony, in
Tietixiade xingfeng xueyu: Rijun qin-Qiong baoxing shilu, Xu
[Sequel to Bloody crimes of the occupation rule: Records of the atrocities committed by the Japanese military in Hainan], ed. Fu Heji, 272-79 (Hainan: Hainan chubanshe, 1995). Hereafter Fu,
TXXX
.

17
Li Shi, “Rijun zai Fuyang-xian de baoxing” [Japanese army’s atrocities at Fuyang county], in Li et al.,
QHRBZ
, 768.

18
Fang Zhiyuan, “Yige xiuru de baogao” [A humiliating report], in Chen Sibai,
Yeshou zai jiangnan
[The monstrous troops in south China] (Shangyao: Qianxian ribaoshe, 1939), 89-92.

19
Kim Il-myon.
Tennō no guntai to Chōsenjin ianfu
[The emperor’s forces and the Korean comfort women] (Tokyō: Sanichi shobō, 1976), 124.

20
Chen Liming, “Anhui Bangbu zuihou yichu qin-Hua Rijun weiansuo jiuzhi jiang bei chaiqian” [The last building of the former Japanese military comfort station in Anhui Bangbu will be demolished]
Xin’an wanbao
, 19 September 2005;
http://china.com.cn
.

21
Wen Yan, “Fengyang ‘weiansuo’” [Comfort stations at Fengyang], in Li et al.,
QHRBZ
, 734.

22
Tanaka,
Japan’s Comfort Women
, 51-52.

23
Yoshimi,
Jūgun ianfu
, 130.

24
Yoshimi Yoshiaki, ed.,
Jūgun ianfu shiryōshū
[A collection of documents on military comfort women] (Tokyo: Otsuki shoten, 1992), 285-86.

25
Yamada Seikichi,
Bukan heitan: Shina hakkengun ian kakarichō no shuki
[The Wuhan commissariat: Memoir of the department head of the China detachment army comfort facilities] (Tokyo: Tosho shuppansha, 1978), 86; cited in Yoshimi,
Comfort Women
, 135.

26
He Shili, “Sanbai ‘weianfu’ cansi taiban-Shilu tiekuang ‘weiansuo’ diaocha shikuang” [Over half of three hundred “comfort women” died: An investigative record of the Shilu iron mine “comfort station”], in
Tietixiade xingfeng xueyu: Rijun qin-Qiong baoxing shilu
[Bloody crimes of the occupation rule: Records of the atrocities committed by the Japanese military in Hainan], comp. Fu Heji, 748-50 (Hainan: Hainan chubanshe, 1995). Henceforth Fu,
TXX
.

27
Song Fuhai (narrator), and Chen Ziming and Wang Ji (recorders), “Wo qindu de Xinying Rijun ‘weiansuo’” [The Japanese military Xinying “comfort station” I witnessed], in Fu,
TXXX
, 188-90.

28
Zhang Lianhong and Li Guanglian, “Nanjing Xiaguan-qu qin-Hua Rijun weiansuo de diaocha baogao” [Investigative report on the Japanese military comfort stations in the Xiaguan District of Nanjing], in
Taotian zuinie: Erzhan shiqi de Rijun weianfu zhidu
[Mon strous atrocities: The Japanese military comfort women System during the Second World War], ed. Su Zhiliang, Rong Weimu, and Chen Lifei (Shanghai: Xuelin chubanshe, 2000), 146.

29
Ibid., 147-48. The Japanese
yen
was divided into 100
sen
before 1954. The reason for the different fees for soldiers and officers is not clear; perhaps it had to do with the fact that the officers were allowed bigger blocks of time and better time periods than soldiers.

30
Asō,
Shanhai yori Shanhai e
, 42.

31
Yoshimi,
Jūgun ianfu shiryōshū
, 285-87. Partial English translation of the regulations can be found in Suzanne O’Brien’s translation of Yoshimi,
Comfort Women
, 136-37.

32
According to Yoshimi Yoshiaki’s research, the Construction Section of the Ministry of War’s Accounting Bureau and the Military Supply Headquarters worked together to send condoms to Japanese troops in the field. See Yoshimi,
Jūgun ianfu
, 71.

33
Su,
Weianfu yanjiu
, 231.

34
Ibid.

35
Lin Pagong (narrator) and Zhang Yingyong (recorder), “Rijun zhandi houqin fuwudui zhong de Lizu funü” [The Li ethnic women drafted into the Japanese military “Battlefield rear service team”] in Fu,
TXX
, 547-49.

36
Wu Liansheng’s testimony, in Fu,
TXXX
, 272-79.

37
Wang Yexin, “Fengyi-lou weiansuo shimo” [The Fengyi-lou comfort station], in Su et al.,
Taotian zuinie
, 182.

38
A testimony relating to such cases can be found in Tanaka,
Japan’s Comfort Women
, 53. See also George Hicks,
The Comfort Women: Japan’s Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War
(New York: W.W. Norton, 1994), 93-96.

39
Zhang and Li, “Nanjing Xiaguan-qu qin-Hua Rijun weiansuo de diaocha baogao,” in Su et al.,
Taotian zuinie
, 151.

40
Naka-Shina haken kempeitai shireibu [Headquarters of military police dispatched to central China], “Rikugun gunjin gunzoku hikōhyō” [A list of misconducts by army personnel and civilian army enployees], entries dated November 1941 and February 1942,
Rikushifu dainikki
6, 9 (1942), in Bōeichō bōei kenkyūjo toshokan [Japan Defence Agency Defence Library], cited in Yoshimi,
Jūgun ianfu
, 143.

41
Yoshimi,
Jūgun ianfu
, 144.

42
Information in the chart is from Chen,
Rijun weianfu zhidu pipan
, 132.

43
USNA collection, Allied Translation and Interpreter Section Research Report No. 120,
Amenities in the Japanese Armed Forces
(November 1945), 12, cited in Tanaka,
Japan’s Comfort Women
, 54.

44
Marai gunseikan, “Ian shisetsu oyobi ryokan eigyō junshu kisoku” [Regulations for the operation of comfort facilities and inns],
Gunsei kiteishū
3, 11 (1943), cited in Yoshimi,
Jūgun ianfu
, 145.

45
Yoshimi,
Jūgun ianfu
, 145. Translation here and in the following sentences is based on Suzanne O’Brien’s translation of Yoshimi,
Comfort Women
, 142.

46
Yoshimi,
Jūgun ianfu
, 145.

47
Ibid., 148.

48
Ibid., 146-48.

49
Much research reveals the brutal exploitation of comfort women drafted from Japan and its colonies. See, for example, Kim,
Tennō no guntai to Chōsenjin ianfu;
Jūgun Ianfu 110-ban Henshū Iinkai,
Jūgun ianfu 110-ban denwa no mukō kara rekishi no koe ga
[Military comfort women hotlines: The voices of history from the other end of the telephone] (Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 1992); Senda,
Jūgun ianfu;
Yoshimi,
Jūgun ianfu;
Hicks,
Comfort Women;
Tanaka,
Japan’s Comfort Women;
Keith Howard, ed.,
True Stories of the Korean Comfort Women: Testimonies Compiled by the Korean Council for Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan and the Research Association on the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan
(London: Cassell, 1995); Dai Sil Kim-Gibson,
Silence Broken: Korean Comfort Women
(Parkersburg: Mid-Prairie Books, 2000.).

50
The Association of Advancement of Unbiased View of History, “Comfort Women,” ABC of modern Japanese History. Available at
http://www.jiyuushikan.org/
(viewed 13 October 2010).

51
Wang, “Weiansuo li de nütongbao” [Women in the comfort station]
Guangxi funü
17-18 (1941): 36.

52
Chen,
Rijun weianfu zhidu pipan
, 239-40; cf. Tanaka,
Japan’s Comfort Women
, 46-47.

53
Soh,
Comfort Women
, 3.

Chapter 4: Crimes Fostered by the “Comfort Women” System

1
Tang Huayuan, “Rijun zai Yueyang jiansha funü de baoxing” [Raping and killing women: The Japanese army’s atrocities in Yueyang], in
Qin-Hua Rijun baoxing zonglu
, ed. Li Bingxin, Xu Junyuan, and Shi Yuxin (Shijiazhuang: Hebei renmin chubanshe, 1995), 1010. Hereafter Li et al.,
QHRBZ
.

2
Ibid.

3
Ibid.

4
Zhang Huaiqing, “Fengyang da can’an” [Massacres in Fengyang], in Li et al.,
QHRBZ
, 710.

5
One of the two major forces led by the Chinese Communist Party during the War of Resistance.

6
Zhang Huaiqing, “Fengyang da can’an,” 710-11.

7
Tang, “Rijun zai Yueyang jiansha funü de baoxing,” in Li et al.,
QHRBZ
, 1010.

8
Ibid.

9
Wu Liansheng’s testimony, in
Tietixiade xingfeng xueyu: Rijun qin-Qiong baoxing shilu, Xu
[Sequel to Bloody crimes of the occupation rule: Records of the atrocities committed by the Japanese military in Hainan], ed. Fu Heji, 272-79 (Hainan: Hainan chubanshe, 1995), 274. Hereafter Fu,
TXXX
.

10
Satō Kanji,
Akai chūrippu no heitai: Aru heishi no ashiato
[Troops of red tulips: A soldier’s footprints] (Tokyo: Senshūsha, 1978), 77-78, cited in Yoshimi,
Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military during World War II
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 134-35.

11
Chen Lifei,
Rijun weianfu zhidu pipan
[A critical analysis of the Japanese military comfort women system] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2006), 291.