Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs (62 page)

16
John Chilton,
Billie’s Blues
, 69.

17
Billie Holiday,
Lady Sings the Blues
, 84.

18
Margolick,
Strange Fruit
, 19.

19
Blackburn,
With Billie
, 111.

20
Anslinger,
The Murderers
,
16–24. Douglas Valentine,
The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America’s War on Drugs
, 21. Jonathon Erlen and Joseph F. Spillane, eds.,
Federal Drug Control: The Evolution of Policy and Practice
, 66.

21
Harry Anslinger,
The Protectors: Our Battle Against the Crime Gangs
, 24.

22
Anslinger,
The Murderers
, 42.

23
Arthur Benavie,
Drugs: America’s Holy War
, 25; Rufus King,
The Drug Hang-Up
, 45; Erlen and Spillane,
Federal Drug Control
, 39.

24
Richard Davenport-Hines,
The Pursuit of Oblivion: A History of Narcotics
, 275.

25
Valentine,
Strength of the Wolf
, 298.

26
Sloman,
Reefer Madness
, 196. Valentine,
Strength of the Wolf
, 32.

27
King,
Drug Hang-Up
, 69–71; Erlen and Spillane,
Federal Drug Control
, 61.

28
John McWilliams,
The Protectors: Harry J. Anslinger and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics
, 1930–62, 25.

29
Ibid.

30
Ibid., 26.

31
Anslinger,
The Murderers
, 18.

32
Ibid., 18–20

33
McWilliams,
Protectors
, 27.

34
Ibid.

35
Anslinger,
Murderers
, 19.

36
McWilliams,
Protectors
, 28; Anslinger,
Murderers
, 19.

37
McWilliams,
Protectors
, 28. Anslinger,
Murderers
, 17, 81. Arthur Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy and His Times
, vol. 1, 268.

38
Anslinger,
Protectors
, 82.

39
Anslinger,
Murderers
, 79.

40
His archives contain many such clippings.

41
Erlen and Spillane,
Federal Drug Control
, 64.

42
 
King,
Drug Hang-Up
, 70.

43
Ibid., 64; Anslinger,
Murderers
, 25.

44
Anslinger,
Murderers
, 20–24.

45
Ibid., 20–21.

46
Ibid., 22–23.

47
” Ibid., 23–24.

48
Anslinger archives, Box 1, File 1.

49
Ibid.

50
Anslinger,
Murderers
, 23.

51
Playboy
, February 1970, “The Drug Revolution,” 74. In this conversation, Anslinger links, as he did throughout his career, drug use to the idea of civilizational collapse.

52
King,
Drug Hang-Up
, 70; Anslinger,
Murderers
, 11.

53
Anslinger,
Protectors
, 10–15.

54
Sloman,
Reefer Madness
, 36.

55
Anslinger,
Protectors
, 42.

56
McWilliams,
Protectors
, 33.

57
 
Sloman,
Reefer Madness
, 20.

58
Erlen and Spillane,
Federal Drug Control
, 68–69; McWilliams,
Protectors
, 14.

59
Erlen and Spillane,
Federal Drug Control
, 76.

60
Richard Bonnie and Charles Whitehead,
The Marijuana Conviction: A History of Marijuana Prohibition in the United States
, 32–40.

61
McWilliams,
Protectors
, 53.

62
Sloman,
Reefer Madness
, 39.

63
Erlen and Spillane,
Federal Drug Control
, 75.

64
 “
http://www.redhousebooks.com/galleries/assassin.htm, accessed March 20, 2013.

65
William O. Walker,
Drug Control in the Americas
, 111.

66
 
Bonnie and Whitebread,
Marijuana Conviction
, 117.

67
 
McWilliams,
Protectors
, 61.

68
King,
Drug Hang-Up
, 82.

69
Walker,
Drug Control in the Americas
, 113.

70
Erlen and Spillane,
Federal Drug Control
, 73.

71
Sloman,
Reefer Madness
, 63.

72
Ibid., 61.

73
http://hightimes.com/lounge/ht_admin/8215, accessed April 1, 2013.

74
See Isaac Campos,
Home Grown: Marijuana and the Origins of Mexico’s War on Drugs
.

75
Erich Goode et al.,
Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance
, 196–202.

76
Extract from “Marijuana—The New Prohibition” by John Kaplan. See http://www.drugtext.org/Marijuana-The-New-Prohibition/iv-marijuana-and-aggression.html, accessed April 7, 2013.

77
Sloman,
Reefer Madness
, 62.

78
 
Ibid.

79
Steve Fox, Paul Armentano, and Mason Tvert,
Marijuana Is Safer: So Why Are We Driving People to Drink?
51.

80
Anslinger,
Murderers
, 82, 86.

81
Anslinger,
Protectors
, 203–4.

82
Anslinger,
Murderers
, 83.

83
Anslinger,
Protectors
, 214–15.

84
Anslinger,
Murderers
, 87.

85
Carolyn Gallaher,
On the Fault Line: Race, Class, and the American Patriot Movement
, 140.

86
Valentine,
Strength of the Wolf
, 63.

87
Sloman,
Reefer Madness
, 207.

88
Valentine,
Strength of the Wolf
, 64.

89
David Patrick Keys and John F. Galliher,
Confronting the Drug Control Establishment: Alfred Lindesmith as a Public Intellectual
, 13, 137.

90
 
See also John F. Galliher, David P. Keys, and Michael Elsner, “
Lindesmith v. Anslinger
: An Early Government Victory in the Failed War on Drugs,”
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
88:2, Winter 1998, 661–82.

91
Richard Lawrence Miller,
The Case for Legalizing Drugs
, 77.

92
Keys and Galliher,
Confronting the Drug Control Establishment
, 160; King,
Drug Hang-Up
, 62–63.

93
I spoke with Yolande Bavan, Annie Ross, Eugene Callendar, Bevan Dufty, and Lorraine Feather.

94
Anslinger archives, box 9, file 54, “Musicians.”

95
Ibid. Anslinger was far from alone in these beliefs: see Harry Shapiro,
Waiting for the Man: The Story of Drugs and Popular Music
, 56–61.

96
Shapiro,
Waiting for the Man
, 72.

97
Anslinger archives, box 9, file 54, “Musicians.” This appears to be an internal FBN report but is not marked as such.

98
Sebastian Marincolo,
High: Insights on Marijuana
, 106.

99
Anslinger archives, box 9, file 54, “Musicians.”

100
Ibid.

101
Anslinger brags about his men busting Parker in
The Protectors
, 157–60.

102
Terry Teachout,
Pops: The Wonderful World of Louis Armstrong
, 156–58, discusses Armstrong’s history of marijuana use and how Anslinger’s legal charges affected him. See also Shapiro,
Waiting for the Man
, 60.

103
Shapiro,
Waiting for the Man
, 74, 89–90.

104
Shane Blackman,
Chilling Out: The Cultural Politics of Substance Consumption, Youth and Drug Policy
, 83. Sloman,
Reefer Madness
, 149. Shapiro, like Sloman, calls it a “pogrom”:
Waiting for the Man
, 67.

105
” http://druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/whiteb1.htm, accessed October 1, 2012. Bonnie and Whitebread,
Marijuana Conviction
, 183.

106
“ ‘Shoot First’ is nation-wide slogan for raids on dope peddlers,”
Pathfinder
magazine, January 23, 1952, 24.

107
Shapiro,
Waiting for the Man
, 73. Bonnie and Whitebread,
Marijuana Conviction
, 185.

108
Jonnes,
Hep-Cats, Narcs, and Pipe Dreams
, 129.

109
Bonnie and Whitebread,
Marijuana Conviction
, 185. Shapiro,
Waiting for the Man
, 71.

110
Anslinger,
Protectors
, 150–64.

111
Holiday,
Lady Sings the Blues
, 5.

112
Her birth name was Eleanora; for the sake of clarity I’ve called her Billie all the way through, even though she only adopted the name when she was a child.

Also—throughout this chapter I have treated as a broadly reliable source
Lady Sings the Blues
, which was co-written with William Dufty. There is a debate about how reliable this memoir is, but her 1995 biographer Stuart Nicholson went through it and found that, for example, on one of the most famously contested passages, her description of her rape as a child, it was an accurate account. See Nicholson,
Billie Holiday
, 6. Billie herself claimed at one point that Dufty had written her entire memoir—“Shit, man, I ain’t never read that book”—but the publisher had in fact made her sign every page of the manuscript to verify it matched her recollections. See Margolick,
Strange Fruit
, 33–34.

113
Holiday,
Lady Sings the Blues
, 5.