Catastrophe: An Investigation Into the Origins of the Modern World (49 page)
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Authors: David Keys
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- Text of John of Ephesus as recorded in the
Chronicle of Michael the Syrian.
9.296.
Chabot quoted in an article entitled “Volcanic Eruptions in the Mediterranean Before
A
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D
. 630 from Written and Archaeological Sources” by R. B. Stothers and M. R. Rampino,
Journal of Geophysical Research
88, pages 6357–6371, 1983. - Procopius,
Wars, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard.
4. 14.5 (H. B. Dewing). - Chronicle of Zachariah of Mitylene,
F. J. Hamilton and E. W. Brooks, London, 1899. Quoted in an article entitled “Volcanic Eruptions in the Mediterranean Before
A
.
D
. 630 from Written and Archaeological Sources” by R. B. Stothers and M. R. Rampino,
Journal of Geophysical Research
88, pages 6357–6371, 1983. - De Ostentis
by John Lydus (John the Lydian), edited by C. Wachsmuth, Leipzig, 1897. Quoted in an article entitled “Volcanic Eruptions in the Mediterranean Before
A
.
D
. 630 from Written and Archaeological Sources” by R. B. Stothers and M. R. Rampino,
Journal of Geophysical Research
88, pages 6357–6371, 1983. - The only full account of the surviving works of Cassiodorus Senator was published in Germany in the late nineteenth century as
Cassiodorus, Variae XII,
edited by Mommsen. This passage is quoted from an article entitled “Volcanic Winters” by M. R. Rampino, S. Self, and R. B. Stothers in
Annual Review
of Earth Planet Science
16, pages 73–99, 1988. - K. Briffa et al, “Fennoscandian Summers from
A
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. 500. Temperature Changes on Short and Long Timescales,”
Climatic Dynamics
7, pages 111–119, 1992. - Personal communication to Mike Baillie, Queen’s University, Belfast, from Don Graybill, late of the University of Arizona, using data collected by Valmore C. La Marche and Wes Ferguson.
- L. A. Scuderi, “A 2,000-Year Tree-Ring Record of Annual Temperatures in the Sierra Nevada Mountains,”
Science
259, pages 1433–1436, 1993. Two thousand three hundred miles to the east in the eastern United States, dendrochronologists have obtained a 1,600-year-long chronology from cypress trees and published it in
Science
240, pages 1517–1519. (North Carolina climate changes reconstructed from tree rings:
A
.
D
. 372 to 1985, by D. W. Stahle et al. Their data reveal that North Carolina’s worst drought of the sixth century took place between
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D
. 539 and
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.
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. 544. - A. Lara and R. Villalba, “A 3,620-Year Temperature Record from
Fitzroya
cupressoides
Tree Rings in Southern South America,”
Science
260, pages 1104–1106, 1993. - According to as-yet-unpublished data gathered in 1997 and 1998 in the Rio Cisne area of southern Argentina by dendrochronologists from the Laboratorio de Dendrocronologia in Mendoza, Argentina.
- Data collected by Ed Cook of Columbia University, New York.
- Data from Stepan Shiyatov et al of Ekaterinburg Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Russia.
- Information from dendrochronologist Mike Baillie, Queen’s University, Belfast. He says that he found in reviewing the mean values for a set of eight filtered oak chronologies, covering the geographical region from Ireland to Poland, that the value for
A
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D
. 540 is one of the three lowest-growth values in 1,500 years. In a selected subset of four of these oak chronologies, the filtered growth value for the year
A
.
D
. 539 is the lowest value in 1,500 years. - The 540 record cold year is the first of a series of such cold years in southern South America in the mid–sixth century. Two other ultracold years, both among the coldest of the past 1,600 years, were 557 and 561. What is more, twenty-seven out of the forty-three years (62 percent) between 540 and 583 were below average in temperature compared to just fourteen out of forty (35 percent) in the previous four decades. These conclusions are based on the tree-ring data from Lenca in Chile supplied to me by the Laboratorio de Dendrocronologia in Mendoza, Argentina.
- Plazas et al,
Bulletin of the Gold Museum,
Bogota, 1988. - Other information on the Ohio University expedition is provided in Chapter 23. The original 563–594 data and other relevant material were published in “A 1,500 Year Record of Tropical Precipitation Recorded in Ice Cores from the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru,” which appeared in
Science
229 (4717), pages 971–973; and “Pre-Incan Agricultural Activity Recorded in Dust Layers in Two Tropical Ice Cores” in
Nature
336, pages 763–765. Another Andean source also provides dramatic evidence of the sixth-century drought. Work by Alex Chepstow-Lusty et al, published in
Mountain Research and Development
18/2, 1998, shows that there was a massive and abrupt surge in sedge growth around the margins of Lake Marcacocha in the Peruvian Andes in around the mid–sixth century
A
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D
. The data suggest that as the lake shrank, sedge began to flourish on those parts of the former lake bottom that had been exposed. It was the highest sedge growth peak experienced at the site in the 1,500-year-period
A
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. 100 to
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