Cannibals and Kings (31 page)

Proteins and the Fierce People

Quotes are from Chagnon (1974, pp. 127, 194–195). For settlement size see Lathrap (1973) and Meggers (1971). For sex ratios see Chagnon (1973, p. 135), Lizot (1971), and Smole (1976). The quote about fighting over women is from Chagnon (1968b, p. 151); about peripheral villages (1968b, p. 114). The next quote is from Lizot (1971, pp. 34–35). See Neel and Weiss (1975) and Chagnon (1975). See Smole (1976) for history of Yanomamo contacts with Europeans. The earlier quote is from Chagnon (1968, p. 33). For the discussion of animal protein in the tropical forest I am greatly indebted to Daniel Gross (1975), Eric Ross (1976), and Jane Ross (1971). My source for U.S. animal protein is Pimentel et al. (1975, p. 754). The quote is from Smole (1976, p. 175). Helena Valero’s story is in Biocca (1970). See also Siskind (1973).

The Origin of Male Supremacy and of
the Oedipus Complex

See Reed (1975) for an exhumation. For attempts to show that women’s subordination has been overemphasized see Friedl (1967), Sweet (1967), Lamphere (1975), Hoffer (1975), and Reiter (1975). For attacks on male blinders see Kaberry (1970) and Linton (1973). The statistics from Murdock refer to the computer punch card version of the
Ethnographic Atlas
. See also Murdock (1967). The standard work on kinship and marriage is Murdock (1949). On the Nagovisi see Nash (1974). The term “dowry” is also sometimes applied to a woman’s share of parental inheritance given to her at marriage. This should be called anticipatory inheritance rather than dowry. See Lévi-Strauss (1969). For more on asymmetric institutions see the Introduction to Rosaldo and Lamphere (1974) and Friedl (1975). For Iroquois warfare I have relied on Scheele (1950) and Morgan (1962). See Divale (1975) and Divale
et al. (1976) for matrilocality and external warfare. The quote on Iroquois marriage is from Morgan (1962, p. 325). On Iroquois women see Brown (1975). On pas-toralism see Salzman (1971). The errant feminist is quoted by Scheele (1950, p. 48). The next quote is from Morgan (1962, p. 324). The next quote is from Brown (1975, pp. 240–41). On the Oedipus complex see Hall and Lindzey (1967), Barnouw (1973), and Malinowski (1927). For a good example of the inverted causal priorities of Freudianism see Walsh and Scandalis (1975).

The Origin of Pristine States

I am grateful to Morton Fried (see especially Fried, 1967) and to Barbara Price (especially Price, 1977) for long-term assistance in thinking about the origin of the state. See Webb (1975) for a discussion of the regions in which pristine states may have developed. Redistribution as a form of exchange was originally defined by the economist Karl Polanyi and introduced into anthropology by Polanyi et al. (1957). The link between redistribution and social stratification was suggested first by Marshall Sahlins (1958). For quotes about
mumis
, see Oliver (1955, pp. 439, 411, 399, 421). See Hogbin (1964) for Kaoka “big men.” On Trobrianders see Malinowski (1920, 1922, 1935) and Uberoi (1962). See Renfrew (1973) for comparisons between Cherokee and European “henge” cultures. The quotes on the Bun-yoro are from Beattie (1960, pp. 34, 36). My scenario for the evolution of pristine states draws upon Carneiro (1970) but rejects “social” circumscription as an alternative to ecological circumscription. Webb’s (1975) scenario is closest to mine. For population estimates see Butzer (1976) and Sanders (1972). See Briffault (1963) for matrilineal argument. See Renfrew (1973) for “fat ladies.”

The Pre-Columbian States of Mesoamerica

For examples of the romantic approach see Morley and Brainerd (1956), Thompson (1954), Coe (1968), and Covarrubias (1957). I have relied on Willey (1966) and Weaver (1972) for my basic facts about Mesoamerican prehistory. My ecological interpretations would not have been possible without the synthesis proposed by William Sanders and Barbara Price (1968). See Grennes-Ravitz and Coleman (1966) and Hammond (1974). For Maya population estimates see Haviland (1969), Sanders (1972), and Cook (1972). For trade theory of Maya state see Rathje (1971) and for its refutation see Price (1977). Lundell’s (1937) study of the Peten is still the best available. See Gifford (1972) and Grove et aL (1976) for earliest Maya settlements. For slash-and-burn see Cowgill (1962), Boserup (1965), Meggers et al. (1973), and Conklin (1963). For the people who eat forests see Condominas (1957). See Puleston (1974), Turner (1974), and Cook (1972). For breadnut trees see Puleston and Puleston (1971). See Mathenay (1976). For the Maya collapse, see Culbert (1973). For the rise of Teotihuacán see Sanders (1972) and Sanders and Price (1968). See Millon (1973) but ignore his hysterical attack against ecologists. For
chinampas
see Palerm (1967). For demographic patterns in the Valley of Mexico see Parsons and Blanton (1969).

The Cannibal Kingdom

Michael Harner alone deserves credit (or blame) for the discovery (or rediscovery) of Aztec cannibalism and for the explanation that I offer for Aztec cannibalism in this chapter. See Harner (1975, 1977a, b). However, I have independently gone over the primary sources, especially Diaz (1956, pp. 217–20), De Sahagún (1950, pp. 4, 589), Duran (1964, p. 121), and Tapia (1971). For Iroquois heart-eating see Scheele (1950, p. 101). For pre-Columbian
cannibalism see Flinn et al. (1976). For a summary of Staden’s account see Métraux (1945). The Jesuit missionary was Le Mercier in Thwaites (1959, Vol. 13, pp. 59–79). See Sagan (1974). For the strength in human flesh see Dornstreich and Morren (1974). See Cook (1946), Diaz (1965, p. 119), Tapia (1971, p. 583), Soustelle (1962, p. 101), Cook (1946, p. 283), De Sahagún (1950, pp. 24, 29), and Duran (1964, p. 122).

The Lamb of Mercy

For reviews of cannibalism in the Old World see Tannahill (1975) and Sagan (1974). I have relied on summaries of human sacrifice in Hastings’ (1921)
Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics
. See also Lévi (1966), Rosengarten (1966), and Yerkes (1952). For the “cult of the severed head” see Piggott (1965, p. 230); for Druids see Piggott (1975). See Gelb (1973). The quotes are from Hastings (1921). See W. Smith (1956), Schneider (1957), and Dyson-Hudson and Dyson-Hudson (1969). The quote is from Smith (1956). See my account of the events surrounding the last supper in Harris (1974). See Tannahill (1975, p. 84) for “contemptible” animals. Hammurabi’s words are from Driver and Miles (1955, pp. 7–13). See Mencius (1970, pp. 483, 135–36). On Incas see Rowe (1947) and Mason (1957). See Pires-Ferreira (1976).

Forbidden Flesh

The data on productivity of plants versus animals are from the National Research Council (1975, p. m ff). For discussion of dietary role of protein see Taylor and Pye (1966) and FAO/WHO (1973). For efficiency and physiology of the pig see National Research Council (1975), Pond and Manes (1974), and Mount (1968). For archaeological evidence of the domesticated pig, see Epstein (1971, Vol. 2 pp. 349–50), Ducos (1969), and Zeuner (1963). See E. Ross (1976) for general theory of taboos
on hunted animals. See Zeuner (1963, pp. 134–35), Whyte (1961, pp. 69–76), and Reifenberg (1955) for environmental impact of intensification on the Middle East. See Alland (1974, p. 67) for criticism of pig theory. See Epstein (1971, p. 342) for pig in Egypt: see Epstein (1971, p. 354) and Hawkes (1973, p. 101) for pig in Mesopotamia. See Whyte (1971) and Jacobsen and Adams (1958) on silting and salt problem. See Young (1972) for intensification in early Mesopotamia.

The Origin of the Sacred Cow

See Allchin (1968, p. 321), Allchin and Allchin (1968, pp. 114, 259), Hawkes (1973), Marshall (1931), and Thapar (1966). See Prakash (1961, pp. 15, 16) and Bose (1961, p. 109).
The Cambridge History of India
is a standard source. See Prakash (1961, pp. 175–76) and Maitz (1957, pp. 94–95) for Gupta period. See Davis (1951), Spengler (1971), and Nath (1929) for historical demography. See Bose (1961, p. 131 ff) for deforestation and Mahabharata drought. For the cultural ecology of cattle in India see M. Harris (1974, 1971, 1966), Raj (1971, 1969), Heston (1971), Dandekar (1969), Odend’hal (1972), and Embassy of India (1975). See Gandhi (1954). For discussion of lactase see Harrison (1975). See Gandhi (1954). For discussion of lactase see Harrison (1975). For comparisons of Indian and Chinese ecosystems see Buck (1964), Raj (1969), Singh (1971), Gavan and Dixon (1975), Shen (1951, p. 290), Phillips (1945), and Sprague (1975). The Mao quote is from Raj (1971, p. 717). See Varma (1967) for modern Ganges Valley.

The Hydraulic Trap

For world population trends see Spengler (1974). See David (1951), Butzer (1976), and Bielenstein (1947). For the remainder of this chapter I have relied heavily on Karl Wittfogel’s
Oriental Despotism
. See also Wittfogel
(1931, 1960, 1970, 1972). The Marx quote is from the article “British Rule in India” (New York Daily Tribune, 1853). See Wittfogel (1972, p. 62). See Adams (1966, p. 68) and Butzer (1976). Perkins (1968) makes the same mistake for China. See Bielenstein (1947) for Yellow River floods. I am grateful for the advice and criticism of Sinologist-anthropologist-colleague-friend Myron Cohen. See Wittfogel (1972) and Ulmen (1975) for review of impact of hydraulic theory on research. Also M. Harris (1968) and Price (1971). See Mitchell (1973) for clarification of hydraulic theory. See Woodbury and Neely (1972) for irrigation in Tehuacán.

TJte
Origin of Capitalism

See Piggott (1965, pp. 229, 235, 140). For Rome see Africa (1974). See Bloch (1961, 1966). See Wittfogel (1957, p. 44). See Wolf (1966, p. 30 ff) and Van Bath (1963) for European medieval demography and economy. For the history of the plow see Wailes (1972). See Waller-stein (1975, p. 20) and Lopez (1974). For “crisis of feudalism” see Wallerstein (1975, p. 21 ff) and Postan (1972). See Wilkinson (1973, pp. 76–77). On infanticide see Rüssel (1948), Kellum (1974), Langer (1974), Trexler (1973a, b), Shorter (1975, p. 168 ff), and Dickeman (1975). See M. Harris (1974) for witchcraft, messianism, and peasant revolts, 1300–1500. See Russell and Russell (1973) for relationship between Black Death and ecological crisis of feudalism. Also Nohl (1961). For Chinese technology see Needham (1970), Needham and Ling (1959), Elvin (1974), and Wittfogel (1957, pp. 78, 329).

The Industrial Bubble

Wilkinson (1973, p. 76 ff, p. 112 ff). For living conditions in Europe see Braudel (1972, 1973), Engels (1958), Eden (1928), Pinchbeck (1969), Polanyi (1944), and Langer (1972, pp. 96, 98). For mortality in Sweden and demographic
transition see Llewellyn-Jones (1974). Also Ehr lieh and Ehrlich (1970) and Ford and DeJong (1970). See Langer (1963) and Glass and Eversley (1965) for eighteenth-century decline in mortality. See White (1973, 1975). For cottage industries see Landes (1966). Crime statistics are from Rusche and Kirchheimer (1939). For social context of Malthusians see Polgar (1975) and Beales (1959). For Marx-Malthus controversy see Meek (1971). See Himes (1963) and Llewellyn-Jones (1974) for history of contraception. See Banks (1953) and Coale (1969) for decline of fertility. For the culminating effects and estimates of the rising costs of child-rearing see Minge-Kalman (1977). For depletion of coal and oil see National Petroleum Council (1973), Penner and Icerman (1974), Hubert (1976), and Commoner (1976). For the “oilification” of food see M. Harris (1973), Jennings (1976), Wade (1973), Pimentel et al. (1973, 1975), Pimentel (1976), Borgstrom (1973), Steinhart and Steinhart (1974), and Leach (1975).

Adams, Robert McC

Africa, Thomas W.

Alland, Alexander

Allchin, Bridget and Raymond Allchin

Allchin, F. R.

Angel, J. Lawrence

Armelagos, George and Allan McArdle

Balikci, Asen

Banks, J. A.

Barnouw, Victor

Beales, H. L.

Beattie, John

Bicchieri, M. G. (ed.)

Bielenstein, Hans

Biocca, Ettore

Birdsell, Joseph

Black, Francis

Bloch, Marc