Caesar. Life of a Colossus (Adrian Goldsworthy) Yale University Press (96 page)

15

For Pompey and the censors see Plutarch,
Pompey
22; for Crassus’ feasting see Plutarch,
Crassus
2. 2, 12. 3;
Comp. Nic.
Crassus 1. 4; A. Ward,
Marcus Crassus
and the Late Roman Republic
(1977), pp. 101–2.

16

Suetonius,
Caesar
5, Gellius,
NA
13. 3. 5; on suggestions that he played a wider role in the events of 70 BC see the discussion in Ward (1977), pp. 105–111. 17

For discussions of elections see L. Ross Taylor,
Party Politics in the Age of Caesar
(1949), esp. pp. 50–75, and
Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War
to the Dictatorship of Caesar
(1966), esp. pp. 78–106, A. Lintott, ‘Electoral Bribery in the Roman Republic’,
JRS
80 (1990), pp. 1–16, F. Millar,
The Crowd in
Rome in the Late Republic
(1998), H. Mouritsen,
Plebs and Politics in the Late
Roman Republic
(2001), esp. pp. 63–89, A. Yakobson, ‘Petitio et Largitio: Popular Participation in the Centuriate Assembly of the Late Republic’,
JRS
82 (1992), pp. 32–52; inscriptions on tombs, see
ILS
8205–8207.

18

See Taylor (1966), pp. 78–83, A. Lintott,
The Constitution of the Roman
Republic
(1999), pp. 43–49.

19

On the quaestorship see Lintott (1999), pp. 133–137; for the suggestion that winners of the
corona civica
were enrolled in the Senate see L. Ross Taylor, ‘The Rise of Caesar’,
Greece and Rome
4 (1957), pp. 10–18, esp. 12–13. 20

Polybius, 6. 54. 1–2.

21

Suetonius,
Caesar
6. 1, Plutarch,
Caesar
5; for Cicero’s public and private attitude to Marius see the discussion in T. Mitchell,
Cicero: The Ascending Years
(1979), pp. 45–51.

22

Spanish War
42, Suetonius,
Caesar
7. 1–2, Velleius Paterculus 2. 43. 4, and comments in Gelzer (1968), p. 32; for his reaction to bust of Alexander and his disturbing dream see Plutarch,
Caesar
11, Suetonius,
Caesar
7. 1–2, and Dio 37. 52. 2; for Cicero’s arrival back from his own quaestorship see
pro Planco
64–66. 23

Suetonius,
Caesar
8.

24

Suetonius,
Caesar
6. 2, Plutarch,
Caesar
5; for discussion of marriage ceremony see S. Treggiari,
Roman Marriage
(1991), pp. 161–180. 25

Dio 36. 20. 1–36, Plutarch,
Pompey
25–26; for a detailed discussion of the introduction of the
Lex Gabinia
see P. Greenhalgh,
Pompey: The Roman
Alexander
(1980), pp. 72–90.

26

On Caesar’s support for the
Lex Gabinia
see Plutarch,
Pompey
25, and also T. Rice Holmes,
The Roman Republic,
1 (1928), pp. 170–173; for the campaign against the pirates see Appian,
Mithridatic Wars
91–93, Plutarch,
Pompey
26–28. 27

For Lucullus’ career see A. Keaveney,
Lucullus:A Life
(1992), esp. 75–128 for his campaigns in the east; on his replacement see Plutarch,
Pompey
30–31,
Lucullus
36.

28

Dio 36. 43. 2–3 for Caesar’s support;
pro Lege Manilia
, Cicero’s speech in favour of the
Lex Manilia
has survived.

29

Plutarch,
Caesar
5–6, Suetonius,
Caesar
10–11, Velleius Paterculus 2. 43. 4; on the aedileship see Lintott (1999), pp. 129–133; on Caesar’s career see Gelzer (1968), pp. 37–39, L. Ross Taylor, ‘Caesar’s Early Career’,
Classical Philology
36 (1941), pp. 113–132, esp. 125–131, and (1957), pp. 14–15.

30

Suetonius,
Caesar
10. 1.

31

Dio 37. 8. 1–2, Pliny,
NH
33. 53.

32

Plutarch,
Caesar
5.

540

Notes

33

Plutarch,
Caesar
6, Suetonius,
Caesar
11, Velleius Paterculus 2. 43. 3–4, and see also R. Evans,
Gaius Marius: A Political Biography
(1994), p. 4, who suggests that the monuments are unlikely to have been the originals but copies. VI Conspiracy

1

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
12. 1–2.

2

Dio 36. 44. 3–5, Cicero,
pro Sulla
14–17, Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
18. 3

See Suetonius,
Caesar
9, Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
17–19. For discussions of the ‘First Catilinarian conspiracy’ see E. Salmon, ‘Catiline, Crassus, and Caesar’,
American
Journal of Philology
56 (1935), pp. 302–316, esp. 302–306; E. Hardy,
The
Catilinarian Conspiracy in its Context: A Re-study of the Evidence
(1924), pp. 12–20; T. Rice Holmes,
The Roman Republic
, 1 (1928), pp. 234–235; D. Stockton,
Cicero
(1971), pp. 77–78; and M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp. 38–39. 4

On the struggle between Crassus and Pompey see A. Ward,
Marcus Crassus and
the Late Roman Republic
(1977), pp. 128–168; Rice Holmes (1928), pp. 221–283, esp. 242–249. For imperial views of Pompey’s return see Velleius Paterculus 2. 40. 2–3, Plutarch,
Pompey
43, Dio 37. 20. 5–6

5

See Plutarch,
Crassus
2–3, and Ward (1977), pp. 46–57; for the Licinia incident see Plutarch,
Crassus
1, with sceptical comments in Ward (1977), 74–75. 6

Cicero,
Brutus
233.

7

Plutarch,
Crassus
3, Cicero,
de Officiis
1. 25, Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
48.5–7. For ‘Straw on his horns’ and possible pun see Ward (1977), pp. 78.

8

Plutarch,
Crassus
13, Suetonius,
Caesar
11, Dio 37. 9. 3–4; Ward (1977), pp. 128–135, Gelzer (1968), pp. 39–41.

9

Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
16–18, Suetonius,
Caesar
11, Dio 37. 10. 1–3. 10

Suetonius,
Caesar
74. On Catiline see Asconius 84C; on Ofella see Plutarch,
Sulla
33. 11

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
5, 14–17, Plutarch,
Cicero
10, Ward (1977), p. 136, 145, Rice Holmes (1928), p. 241, Stockton (1971), p. 79–81, 97, 100. 12

For Cato the Elder see Plutarch,
Cato the Elder
, and A. Astin,
Cato the Censor
(1978). On Cato see Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
, esp. 1, 5–7, 9, 24–25. 13

See Stockton (1971), esp. 71–81, E. Rawson,
Cicero
(1975), T. Mitchell,
Cicero:
The Ascending Years
(1979), esp. p. 93 ff. The inscription that mentions a Lucius Sergius, normally identified as Catiline, on Pompeius Strabo’s staff is
ILS

8888/
ILLRP
515.

14

For an excellent survey of these years see T. Wiseman, ‘The Senate and the Populares, 69–60 BC’, in
CAH2
IX (1994), pp. 327–367; on the Rullan land bill see Gelzer (1968), pp. 42–45, Stockton (1971), pp. 84–91, Rice Holmes (1928), pp. 242–249, Ward (1977), pp. 152–162.

15

For Piso see Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
49. 2, Cicero,
pro Flacco
98; for Juba see Suetonius,
Caesar
71.

16

For Honours to Pompey see Dio 37. 21. 4. For a discussion of Labienus’ origins see R. Syme, ‘The Allegiance of Labienus’,
JRS
28 (1938), pp. 424–440. 17

For The
perduellio
see trial Dio 37. 26. 1–28. 4, Suetonius,
Caesar
12, Cicero,
Pro
Rabirio perduellionis
, with W. Tyrrell,
A Legal and Historical Commentary to
Cicero’s Oratio Pro Rabirio Perduellionis
(1978); the anonymous,
de viribus
illustribus
contains the claim that Rabirius paraded Saturninus’ head. 541

Notes

18

See L. Ross Taylor,
Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the
Dictatorship of Caesar
(1966), p. 16.

19

For the election to
Pontifex Maximus
see Suetonius,
Caesar
13, Plutarch,
Caesar
7, Dio 37. 37. 1–3, Velleius Paterculus 2. 43. 3.

20

For a useful discussion of the Regia and its history see T. Cornell,
The Beginnings
of Rome
(1995), pp. 239–241.

21

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
23–24, Cicero,
pro Murena
51–58, Dio 37. 29. 1–30. 1, Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
21. 2–6.

22

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
22. 1–4, 26. 1–31. 3.

23

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
31. 4–48. 2, Rice Holmes (1928), pp. 259–272, Stockton (1971), pp. 84–109.

1

Cicero,
In Catilinam
3. 1–2 (Loeb translation by C. MacDonald (1977), p. 101). 2

Quote on canvassing with Catiline, Cicero,
ad Att.
1. 2. 3

Cicero,
In Catilinam
2. 22 (Loeb translation by C. MacDonald (1977), p. 91). 4

Plutarch,
Caesar
4. 4 (Loeb translation by B. Perrin (1919), p. 451). 5

Sallust,
Bell. Cat
. 48. 5.

6

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
48. 9; Plutarch,
Crassus
13. 7

Cicero,
pro Murena
, and Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
21. 3–6. 8

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
49. 1–4, Plutarch,
Crassus
13, and
Cicero
20. See also D. Stockton,
Cicero
(1971), pp. 18–19.

9

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
44–47, Plutarch,
Cicero
19, Dio 37. 34. 1–4, Appian,
BC
2. 4–5. 10

On the debate in general see Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
50. 3–53. 1; For Catiline’s last appearance in the Senate see Cicero,
Cat.
1. 16.

11

For Appius Claudius Caecus see Cicero,
de Sen.
16,
Brutus
61. 12

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
51. 1–3.

13

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
51. 33.

14

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
51. 20.

15

For Caesar’s speech see Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
51.

16

For discussion of Caesar’s view see Gelzer (1968), pp. 50–52, and C. Meier,
Caesar
(1996), pp. 170–172.

17

See Plutarch,
Cicero
20–21,
Caesar
7–8, Suetonius,
Caesar
14, and Appian,
BC
2. 5.

18

Cicero,
Cat
. 4. 3 (Loeb translation by C. MacDonald (1977), p. 137). 19

On Caesar see Cicero,
Cat
. 4. 9–10, for Crassus, 4. 10, for scenes of horror, 4. 12. 20

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
52. 12.

21

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
52. 17–18, 24–25.

22

Plutarch,
Brutus
5 and
Cato the Younger
24. 1–2; For Cicero’s reaction to Brutus’

version of the debate see Cicero,
ad Att
. 12. 21. 1. 23

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
55. 1–6, Plutarch,
Cicero
22 and
Caesar
8, Dio 37. 36. 1–4, Ampelius,
lib. mem.
31; Sallust placed the threat to Caesar earlier see
Bell. Cat.
49. 4.

24

Cicero,
ad Fam.
5. 2. 7–8.

25

Suetonius,
Caesar
15, Dio 37. 44. 1–3.

542

Notes

26

Dio 37. 43. 1–4, Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
26. 1–29. 2. 27

Suetonius,
Caesar
16.

28

On Catiline’s death see Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
60. 7, 61. 4; on the informers see Suetonius,
Caesar
17.

29

Plutarch,
Caesar
9–10.

30

Cicero,
ad Att.
1. 12. 3, 1. 13. 3, Suetonius,
Caesar
74. 2, Plutarch,
Caesar
10. For divorce in general see S. Treggiari,
Roman Marriage
(1991), pp. 435–482 and

‘Divorce Roman Style: How Easy and Frequent Was It?’ in B. Rawson (ed.),
Marriage, Divorce and Children in Ancient Rome
(1991), pp. 131–146. 31

See Cicero,
ad Att
. 1. 13. 3, and Catulus in Cicero,
ad Att
. 1. 16, Dio 37. 50. 3–4. 32

Plutarch,
Caesar
11, Suetonius,
Caesar
18, Cicero,
Pro Balbo
28. 33

See Suetonius,
Caesar
18, Appian,
Bell. Hisp.
102, Plutarch,
Caesar
12, Dio 37. 52. 1–53. 4. For a discussion of the situation in Spain and Caesar’s operations see S. Dyson,
The Creation of the Roman Frontier
(1985), pp. 235–236. 34

Spanish War
42. 2–3, Cicero,
pro Balbo
19, 23, 28, 63 and 43; for the hint at human sacrifice see Strabo,
Geog.
3. 5. 3 and Rice Holmes
The Roman Republic,
1 (1928), pp. 302–8.

35

Plutarch,
Caesar
11.

1

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
54. 4.

2

Cicero,
ad Att.
2. 5.

3

Pliny,
NH
7. 97, Plutarch,
Pompey
45, Dio 37. 21. 1–4, Appian,
Mithridatic Wars,
116–117.

4

For the eastern wars see P. Greenhalgh,
Pompey:The Roman Alexander
(1980), and A. Goldsworthy,
In the Name of Rome
(2003), ch. 7, esp. pp. 164–179. 5

Plutarch,
Pompey
42–46,
Cato the Younger
30, Velleius Paterculus 2. 40. 3; R. Seager,
Pompey the Great
(2002), pp. 75–76; on Crassus see Plutarch,
Pompey
43, and A. Ward,
Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic
(1977), pp. 193–199. 6

Cicero,
ad Att.
1. 13; see also
ad Att.
1. 14 on Crassus. 7

Cicero,
ad Att.
1. 13, 12; Seager (2002), pp. 77–79. 8

Cicero,
ad Att.
1. 12, Plutarch,
Pompey
42,
Cato the Younger
30. 1–5, Suetonius,
Caesar
50. 1; for Cicero’s efforts to placate Metellus Celer in 62 BC see Cicero,
ad
Fam.
5. 1, 2.