Cad Guidebook: A Basic Manual for Understanding and Improving Computer-Aided Design (65 page)

Weight, Line
See Line Weight.

Weld Symbol
A notation on a drawing that indicates how items are welded to-
gether. The symbol indicates what type of weld, the size or thickness of the weld,
etc. In the United States, the AWS (American Welding Society) standardizes the
symbols.

Windows
The primary operating systems for PCs that use Intel and Intel-clone
CPUs. At one time, Windows was limited in its ability to efficiently process 32-
bit programs, and some versions did not use a kernel structure; however, later
versions have these features and would be similar to the unix operating system.
Wireframe
3-D entities in the CAD system that do not use surfaces. Instead
the 3-D part model only uses lines, arcs, splines, etc. that do not form the basis
for surfaces. At one time, Wireframe was what 3-D CAD systems provided; how-
ever, over time the use of surfaces and solids replaced Wireframe. If a solid
model is displayed on the Monitor (using normal shaded surfaces), then Wire-
frame can mean changing the display to just show the edges of the surfaces. This
looks similar to the older 3-D wireframe models.

316 Glossary

XWindows
A GUI for unix-based systems. It is a distinct program that runs on
the system and then provides the means for the user to interact with the system
graphically. It was developed as part of a Project Athena funded by the U. S. gov-
ernment, and was generally available to computer manufacturers. Xwindows was
somewhat unique in that the interface’s development was closely tied to the use
of a computer network (and the concept of client/server).

Z Buffer
Allocated memory in the Graphics Adapter for keeping track of the
depth of individual pixels in a 3-D scene. This depth is a distance from the ob-
server in the scene to the pixel (a Z distance in comparison to the X and Y shown
on the monitor). A Z buffer allows the Graphics Adapter to know which pixels or
part of objects are closer than others. If a pixel 1 is behind pixel 2 (and the pixel 2
is not translucent), then pixel 1 can be ignored in terms of display. This improves
graphics performance and capability.

Bibliography

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASME Y14.5M-1994. Dimensioning and
Tolerancing. ASME, New York, 1995.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASME Y14.3-1994. Multiview and Sectional
View Drawings. ASME, New York, 1994.

Apple Computer Inc. Apple II: The DOS Manual. Cupertino, CA, 1981.

Aziz S, S Schoonmaker, K Watson. Leveraging 3-D CAD for Integrated Product Develop-
ment, ASME Management Division, 1999 Mechanical Engineering Congress, ASME,
New York, 1999.

Giesecke F, A Mitchell, H Spencer, I Hill, R Loving. Engineering Graphics, 2nd ed. Mac-
millan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1975.

Intergraph Computer Systems. Graphics Supercomputing on Windows NT. Intergraph
Computer Systems, Huntsville, AL, 1998.

International Organization for Standardization. ISO 128, Technical drawings—General
principles of presentation. ISO/TC10, Geneva, Switzerland, 1982.

Lawry, MH. I-DEAS Master Series Student Guide. SDRC, Milford, OH, 1999.
Schoonmaker SJ. Computing the future of lifting. CraneWorks, March-April 2000,
pp. 8–10.

Schoonmaker SJ. ISO 9001 For Engineers and Designers. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997.

317

318 Bibliography

Schoonmaker SJ. Reports of the death of drawings are greatly exaggerated. Machine
Design, April 19, 2001, p.152.

Schoonmaker SJ. Techniques in Engineering Software Quality Management, Control and
Dynamic Systems. Vol. 2, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1993.

Schoonmaker SJ. What good is 3D CAD anyway? Machine Design, April 6, 2000, p. 202.

Index

Abstraction (see
Model, abstraction)
ACIS, 280

Add, 202–203, 230

API, 163

ASCII (see
File, ASCII)

Assembly:

animation 257–258

constraints (see
Constraints,

assembly)

interference, 255–256

model (see
Model, assembly)

structure, 244–245, 247, 259–261,

265, 266

sub-, 247–249, 260

Backups, 19–20, 42, 52, 165–166,

267

Balloons, 76, 99–100, 103
BASIC, 66

Bill of Material, 65, 75–76, 78, 85,

100, 244, 257–258, 262,

265–266, 267, 274

Bitmap, 38–40, 44, 120–121, 149, 151,

159–160, 281

Block (see
Groupings)

BOM (see
Bill of Material)
Boolean, 192, 216, 218–219, 222, 223,

230

Bubbles (see
Balloons)

Byte, 57, 60, 141

Cache, 22

CAE, 3, 138, 276–277, 280
CAGE Code, 81
Callouts, 76

CAM, 276–278
CFD, 138, 276
CG, 139, 174, 255

319

320 Index

CGM 148, 149, 281

Clump (see
Groupings)

CNC, 277

Constraints:

assembly, 245, 251–252, 254–255,

257–258, 262

overconstraining, 209

sketch, 203–211, 218, 232

underconstraining, 210

Coordinate System, 117, 179,

194–195, 198, 222, 245–247,

252

CPU, 7–16, 22–25, 27, 29–30, 33–34,

43, 45–48, 51, 69–70
Crosshatching, 90, 101

Data acquisition, 68–69

Data management, 77–79, 85,

153–156, 165–167, 258,

269–273

Datum:

drawing, 98, 115, 145

model, 180, 189, 193–194, 252
Degrees of freedom, 206–207, 210,

251, 258, 262

Dimension, 89, 93–98, 105, 107,

112–116, 130–131, 135, 143,

158, 181, 195, 203–206,

209–213, 241, 252–254, 257
Directory, 22, 29, 50, 52, 55–57, 62, 63
Disabilities, 43

Disk drive, 9, 11–12, 16–22, 25, 27,

29–30, 43, 53–56, 62, 70
Drawing:

checking, 81

detail, 85

general arrangement, 86

layouts, 85

number, 76–77, 79, 154–157

package, 104

schematics, 86

[Drawing:]

size, 76–77, 80, 93, 105, 109, 111,

153, 157

standards, 86–87

word, 76, 83, 86

zone, 74, 83

Driver, 46–47, 147–148

DXF, 59, 61, 134, 142, 152, 158, 159,

167

E-CAD, 72, 276

ECO, 82, 150, 152, 164, 265, 273
ECN (see
ECR)

ECR, 82, 83, 150, 151, 154, 156, 167
Edge, 179

Ergonomics, 43

Ethernet, 25–29, 56, 166

Face, 179, 193

FCS, 98, 115

FEA, 47, 138, 276

Feature, 97, 100, 172, 185, 187, 190,

192–193, 195–199, 203,

214–216, 219, 221–222, 240,

246

File:

ASCII, 57–59, 61, 70, 141, 142
binary, 60–61, 70, 141, 142
compression, 60–61

format, 57, 141

management, 54–57, 274–276
model, 274

size, 142–143

system, 29, 56, 164

Fillet, 97, 125, 126, 172

Flat pattern, 225

Font:

centerline, 100

line, 94, 133, 143

text, 160–161

FORTRAN, 9, 65

Index 321

GA (see
Drawing, general

arrangement)

GD&T, 97–99, 104, 115, 161, 193
Graphics adapter, 31–37, 43–44, 257
Groupings, 129–131, 158
GUI, 47, 56, 63–66

Hardcopy, 37–41, 53, 133, 146–151,

167, 280–281

Hexadecimal, 133

Hiding, 134

HPGL, 38, 40, 147–149

IGES, 59, 134, 138, 142, 143, 152,

158, 159, 167, 277, 279, 280,

283

Imaging systems, 151–152
Instance:

application, 65

assembly, 248–249, 251, 280

groupings, 130–131

Interchangeability, 80, 268
Internet, 24–25, 27–28, 67, 276

Java, 9, 66, 163
JPEG, 5, 60, 121, 152, 160

Kernel:

graphics, 280

operating system, 47, 49
Kinematics, 257

LAN, 24–25, 27, 276

Layers, 118–119

Layout, 85, 102–103, 137–138, 141
Leader, 98, 100

Line weight, 94, 133, 134, 148–149
Lofting, 231–232

Memory (see also
RAM; ROM):
address, 12

configuration, 14–15

[Memory (see also
RAM; ROM):]

graphics, 33–39

main, 7, 9, 11, 27, 43, 47–49

map, 13–14, 44

paging, 12

virtual, 12–13, 15, 21–22, 30
Mesh, 138–139

Metadata, 153–154, 164–166,

264–265, 274

Model:

abstraction, 238

assembly, 173, 187

documentation, 282

sheet metal, 225

solid, 173, 182, 225–227, 237, 239

space, 111–112, 143, 245

surface, 173, 182–183, 187, 224,

229, 241

Modeling:

features-based, 185, 189, 218,

221–222

open part, 229

solid, 231

surface, 224

Monitor, 7, 31–41, 120, 179, 237, 281
Motherboard, 14, 15, 25, 32

NC, 225, 264, 277

Network (see also
LAN
and
WAN):
architecture, 27–29, 165, 274
computer hardware (see
NIC)

management, 51–53

NFS, 29, 30, 56

NIC, 23

Node:

network, 26, 27, 28, 38, 43, 52

part, 192, 246

NURBS, 177, 227–228, 279

OCR, 120

Odometer, 123

Operating system, 46–48, 51

322 Index

Packet, 26, 28

Paper space, 109–111, 114, 143, 158
Parametrics, 212–213

Part:

history, 183–186, 190, 202, 216,

218, 240, 241, 246, 279

manifold, 239

model, 103, 172, 187, 188, 220, 221

nonmanifold, 239, 241

number, 85–86, 141, 153, 154, 167,

254, 272–273

open, 183, 229

orphan, 240

properties, 220–221

tolerance, 199, 237–238, 241, 279
Parts List, 75

PDM, 155, 267, 273, 274

Picking (see
Selecting)

Pixel, 14, 31–36, 120

Plane:

axis, 189,195

sketch, 189, 193–194

Plotting (see
Hardcopy)

Printing (see
Hardcopy)

Projection:

angle, 88–89, 90, 105, 116

geometry, 103, 131–132

views, 75, 87, 138

Queue, 53–54

RAM, 11, 12, 14, 27, 35, 39, 41, 43,

44, 48, 164

Rapid prototyping, 279

Raster, 120, 159–160