Bound for Canaan (80 page)

black abolitionist William Lambert:
Katherine DuPre Lumpkin, “‘The General Plan Was Freedom': A Negro Secret Order on the Underground Railroad,”
Phylon: The Atlanta University Review of Race and Culture
(Spring 1967): 65–67.

nothing if not cosmopolitan:
Jameson,
Winter Studies and Summer Rambles
, pp. 143–45; Power and Butler,
Slavery and Freedom in Niagara
, p. 49; Collins,
Monthly Offering
, pp. 51–55.

Jarm Logue's experience was typical:
Loguen,
Rev. J. W. Loguen
, pp. 338–42.

there may have been as many as: Colored American
, February 6, 1841; Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, p. 171; Coffin,
Reminiscences
, p. 251; Winks,
Blacks in Canada
, pp. 144–45; Farrell, “History of the Negro Community in Chatham, Ontario,” pp. 34, 52–53; Simpson,
Negroes in Ontario
, p. 306; Silverman,
Unwelcome Guests
, pp. 22–23.

Some refugees, like Logue:
Loguen,
Rev. J. W. Loguen
, pp. 338–42.

In Amherstburg:
Fred Landon, “Amherstburg, Terminus of the Underground Railroad,”
Journal of Negro History
10, no. 1 (January 1925): 1–3; Coffin,
Reminiscences
, p. 251; Farrell, “History of the Negro Community in Chatham, Ontario,” p. 53; Winks,
Blacks in Canada
, p. 146; John McLeod, interview with the author, June 8, 2003.

Even Jarm Logue:
Loguen,
Rev. J. W. Loguen
, pp. 341–42.

Isaac J. Rice:
Coffin,
Reminiscences
, p. 249; Winks,
Blacks in Canada
, pp. 145 ff; Simpson,
Negroes in Ontario
, p. 314;
Liberator
, August 23, 1842.

Wilson was also a veteran:
Sernett,
North Star Country
, p. 158; William H. Pease and Jane H. Pease,
Bound with Them in Chains: A Biographical History of the Antislavery Movement
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972), pp. 137–39; Collins,
Monthly Offering
, pp. 51–55; Winks,
Blacks in Canada
, p. 179;
Colored American
, June 1, 1839, May 23, 1840.

Henson understood this:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, pp. 133–37.

Hiram Wilson would play:
Ibid., pp. 171–72; Pease and Pease,
Black Utopia
, pp. 66–67; Winks,
Blacks in Canada
, pp. 179–80.

naming their new home Wilberforce:
Pease and Pease,
Black Utopia
, pp. 47–57; Winks,
Blacks in Canada
, pp. 156–60; Hill,
Freedom Seekers
, pp. 67–71;
Colored American
, February 16, 1839.

Dawn's beginnings:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, pp. 168–70; Judith Wellman and Milton Sernett,
Uncovering the Freedom Trail in Syracuse and Onondaga County
(Syracuse: Preservation Association of Central New York, 2002), pp. 10–11;
Voice of the Fugitive
, May 21, 1851; Lauriston,
Romantic Chatham
, pp. 379–81.

settlers and well-wishers: Friend of Man
, November 1, 1842;
Voice of the Fugitive
, May 21, 1851.

the British-American Institute opened:
Pease and Pease,
Black Utopia
, pp. 64–67; Hill,
Freedom Seekers
, pp. 71–73; Lauriston,
Romantic Chatham
, p. 448;
National Era
, November 18, 1847.

a fugitive named John Brown:
John Brown, “Slave Life in Georgia: A Narrative of the Life, Sufferings, and Escape of John Brown, A Fugitive Slave, Now in England,” in
I Was Born a Slave: An Anthology of Classic Slave Narratives
, vol. 2, Yuval Taylor, ed. (Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1999), p. 381.

“Trusting in the God”: National Era
, November 18, 1847.

C
HAPTER
13: T
HE
S
ALTWATER
U
NDERGROUND

Florida resembled:
Pensacola Beach History: Antebellum Period (1802–1860), viewed online at http://www.pbrla.com/hxarchive_ante_territory, Pensacola Beach Residents & Leaseholders Association.

Walker was an abolitionist:
Jonathan Walker,
The Trial and Imprisonment of Jonathan Walker
(Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1974), pp. 22–23, 113–18.

Walker had grown up:
Joe M. Richardson, in introduction to Walker, Ibid., pp. xiii, xxx, also pp. 107–10; Alvin F. Oickle,
Jonathan Walker: The Man with the Branded Hand
(Everett, Mass.: Lorelli Slater, 1998), pp. 2, 9.

Walker first appeared:
Walker,
The Trial and Imprisonment,
pp. 8–9, xviii; Oickle,
Jonathan Walker
, pp. 32–33, 36, 40.

Walker was known to consort:
Walker,
The Trial and Imprisonment
, pp. 63–64, 8–9.

the brig
Creole: Stanley Harrold,
The Abolitionists and the South 1831–1861
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995), p. 50; Dillon,
Slavery Attacked
, p. 203.

They would have to traverse:
Walker,
The Trial and Imprisonment
, p. 96.

a commercial extension of the Northern states:
Taylor,
Transportation Revolution
, pp. 106–8, 117, 122–26; Cecelski,
Waterman's Song
, pp. 218–19.

Ashore, they mingled:
Gary Collison,
Shadrach Minkins: From Fugitive Slave to Citizen
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 47; Cecelski,
Waterman's Song
, p. 136; Jeffrey W. Bolster,
Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. 214, 194–97.

Escape by sea held:
Merton L. Dillon,
Slavery Attacked: Southern Slaves and Their Allies 1619–1865
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), pp. 185–86;
First Annual Report of the New York Committee of Vigilance
; John M. Taylor,
William Henry Seward: Lincoln's Right Hand
(Washington, D. C.: Brassey's, 1991), p. 47.

“No sooner, indeed”:
Daniel Drayton,
Personal Memoir of Daniel Drayton, Four Years and Four Months a Prisoner (for Charity's Sake) in Washington Jail
(New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), pp. 20–22.

Moses Roper:
Roper, “Narrative of the Adventures and Escape of Moses Roper,” p. 515.

William Grimes:
Grimes, “Life of William Grimes,” p. 220.

Charles Ball:
Ball, “Narrative of the Life and Adventures,” pp. 481–82.
273 assistance was almost always indispensible:
William Still,
The Underground Railroad
(Chicago: Johnson Publishing, 1970), pp. 162–63.

underground work usually hinged:
Drayton,
Personal Memoir
, pp. 20–22; J. C. Furnas,
Goodbye to Uncle Tom
(New York: William Sloane Associates, 1956), pp. 216–17; Cecelski,
Waterman's Song
, p. 126; McDougall,
Fugitive Slaves
, p. 41.

expected to be paid well:
Still,
Underground Railroad
, pp. 162–63; Collison,
Shadrach Minkins
, pp. 49–50;
Provincial Freeman
, December 22, 1855.

Only around Norfolk:
Cecelski,
Waterman's Song
, pp. 121–24, 135; Collison,
Shadrach Minkins
, pp. 46–50; Smedley, “History of the Underground Railroad in Chester,” p. 355; William H. Robinson,
From Log Cabin to Pulpit, or Fifteen Years in Slavery
(Eau Claire, Wis.: James H. Tifft, 1913), pp. 29–35.

Henry Gorham, a fugitive:
Cecelski,
Waterman's Song
, p. 133.

Jacobs spent her entire life:
Jacobs,
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
, pp. 5 ff; John S. Jacobs, “A True Tale of Slavery,”
Leisure Hour: A Family Journal of Instruction and Recreation
(London), Stevens and Co., February 7, 1861.

“a sad epoch”:
Jacobs,
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
, pp. 27 ff; Jean Fagan Yellin,
Harriet Jacobs: A Life
(Cambridge, Mass.: Basic Civitas Books, 2004), pp. 16–22.

It is hard to understand:
Jacobs,
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
, p. 95; and 265, n. 2.

she chose the single expedient:
Jacobs,
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
, pp. 53 ff, 91; Yellin,
Harriet Jacobs
, pp. 26–28.

On a June night:
Jacobs, “True Tale of Slavery.”
277 When Norcom discovered:
Jacobs,
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
, p. 97; Yellin,
Harriet Jacobs
, p. 45.

they arranged for her to hide:
Jacobs,
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
, pp. 100–3; and 275, n. 3.

Harriet's brother John:
Jacobs, “True Tale of Slavery.”
278 A more permanent hiding place:
Jacobs,
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
, pp. 110–13; and 276, n. 4.

a hiding place in the attic:
Ibid., pp. 114–19; John S. Jacobs, “A True Tale of Slavery,”
The Leisure Hour: A Family Journal of Instruction and Recreation
(London), Stevens and Company, February 14, 1861.

Her isolation tested her faith:
Jacobs,
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
, pp. 121–23.

none of this would touch Harriet:
Ibid., pp. 125, 134–35, 141, 280–81; Jacobs, “True Tale of Slavery,” February 14, 1861.

“Sir—I have left you”:
John S. Jacobs, “A True Tale of Slavery,”
The Leisure Hour: A Family Journal of Instruction and Recreation
(London), Stevens and Company, February 21, 1861.

Stowing away was:
Furnas,
Goodbye to Uncle Tom
, pp. 218–20; Bolster,
Black Jacks
, p. 212;
Colored American
, June 12, 1841.

Captain Gilbert Ricketson:
Grover,
Fugitive's Gibraltar
, p. 185.

Frederick Douglass reported: North Star
, March 31, 1848.

It was harder than it had ever been:
Bolster,
Black Jacks
, pp. 194, 200; Collison,
Shadrach Minkins
, p. 50; Cecelski,
Waterman's Song,
p. 134.

Jacobs's friend Peter:
Jacobs,
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
, pp. 148–59.

Jeremiah Durham, a minister:
Ibid., pp. 159–62; Yellin,
Harriet Jacobs
, pp. 65–68.

Jacobs's life in the North:
Jean Fagan Yellin, Introduction to Jacobs,
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
, pp. xvii ff.

on the night of June 19:
Walker,
The Trial and Imprisonment
, pp. 10–14; and introduction, pp. xxviii–xxix; Oickle,
Jonathan Walker
, pp. 47–49.

In 1821 shipwrecked sailors:
Nathan Philbrick,
In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex
(New York: Penguin Books, 2000), pp. 99, 179.

Pensacola was in an uproar:
Oickle,
Jonathan Walker
, p. 52.

The night fell away:
Walker,
The Trial and Imprisonment
, pp. 13, 36–39; Oickle,
Jonathan Walker
, pp. 56–59.

in the
calabozo: Walker, pp. 15–22, 72; and introduction, p. xxi; Oickle,
Jonathan Walker
, p. 70.

Walker's first trial:
Walker, pp. 33 ff.

The three slaves:
Ibid, Introduction, p. lxxxix.

The sentence was carried out:
Ibid., pp. 39–43, 64; Oickle,
Jonathan Walker
, p. 102.

The first notice:
Walker,
The Trial and Imprisonment
, introduction, pp. xlvi–xlix, xxxiv–xxxvix; Oickle,
Jonathan Walker
, p. 77.

The notoriety of Walker's punishment:
Walker,
The Trial and Imprisonment
, pp. 86, 98–99, and introduction, pp. lvii, xlix, lix.

the reaction of the territorial government:
Ibid., pp. 87–92.

Walker was hailed:
Ibid., introduction, lxviii–lxxiii; “The Fair,”
North Star
, February 4, 1848; Jonathan Walker and John S. Jacobs,
North Star
, March 31, 1848.