Bound for Canaan (64 page)

He was an aristocrat:
Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, p. 2.

Slavery was woven:
Jefferson, “Notes on the State of Virginia,” in Peterson, Thomas Jefferson:
Writings,
pp. 264ff; Brodie,
Thomas Jefferson
, pp. 228–34; and Halliday,
Understanding Thomas Jefferson
, pp. 86 ff.

Jefferson's enemies accused:
Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, p. 162.

“Of all the damsels”:
H. W. Brands, “Founders Chic,”
Atlantic Monthly
, September 2003, pp. 101–10.

Hemings's descendants cited:
Annette Gordon-Reed,
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia,
1997), pp. 210 ff.; Halliday,
Understanding Thomas Jefferson
, pp. 86 ff, Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, p. 169; and Lucia Stanton,
Slavery at Monticello
(Monticello, VA: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 1996), pp. 21–22.

Jefferson held no illusions:
Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, p. 95.

“The whole commerce”:
Jefferson, “Notes on the State of Virginia,” in Peterson,
Thomas Jefferson: Writings,
pp. 289 ff.

an ingrained repugnance:
Ibid., p. 270, 264–67; and Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, p. 52, 64.

Jefferson was by no means alone:
Henry Steele Commager,
The Empire of Reason: How Europe Imagined and America Realized the Enlightenment
(Garden City, NY: Anchor, 1978), p. 24.

a pseudo-scientific approach:
Leon Polyakov,
The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe
(New York: New American Library, 1974), p. 241.

David Hume:
Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, p. 51.

Even John Locke:
Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman,
Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), p. 31.

“the child can demonstrate”:
Polyakov,
Aryan Myth
, p. 145.

James Otis argued:
Bernard Bailyn,
The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 237.

Tom Paine wrote:
Thomas Paine,
Rights of Man
(New York: Penguin Books, 1982), p. 88.

Alexander Hamilton, who:
Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, p. 24.

In 1641 Massachusetts:
Mannix and Cowley,
Black Cargoes
, pp. 171–72.

Quakers were beginning:
John M. Moore, ed.,
Friends in the Delaware Valley: Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, 1681–1981
(Haverford, Pa.: Friends Historical Association, 1981), pp. 31–32.

Lord Chief Justice Mansfield:
Thomas,
Slave Trade
, p. 476.

British abolitionists:
Ibid., pp. 493–94, 507; Mannix and Cowley,
Black Cargoes,
pp. 176–79; and Eric Williams,
Capitalism and Slavery
(New York: Capricorn Books, 1966), pp. 178–80.

Patrick Henry regarded:
Beverly B. Munford,
Virginia's Attitude Toward Slavery and Secession
(New York: Longmans, Green, 1910), p. 83.

Richard Henry Lee:
Ibid., p. 82.

No man had been more consistent:
Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, pp. 5, 8.

“We hold these truths”:
Declaration of Independence, in
Against Slavery: An Abolitionist Reader
, Mason Lowance, ed. (New York: Penguin, 2000), p. 28.

In 1784 Jefferson:
Thomas Jefferson, “Report of a Plan of Government for the Western Territory,” in
The Portable Thomas Jefferson
, Merrill D. Peterson, ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 1975), p. 255.

Had Jefferson's plan:
Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, pp. 27–28.

Anxiety about slavery:
Merton L. Dillon,
The Abolitionists: The Growth of a Dissenting Minority
(De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974), pp. 40–41.

A Vermont judge:
Horatio T. Strother,
The Underground Railroad in Connecticut
(Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, 1962), p. 22.

By the last decade:
Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, p. 120.

The president of Yale:
Strother,
Underground Railroad in Connecticut
, p. 22; “Connecticut as a Slave State,”
Connecticut Western News
, May 23, 1916.

In New York:
Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace,
Gotham: A History of New York to 1898
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 285.
39 a spate of state legislation:
Kenneth M. Stampp,
The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South
(New York: Vintage, 1956), p. 25.

most Northern states:
Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, p. 218; and Kolchin,
American Slavery
, p. 78.

Quaker and Methodist lobbying:
Gary B. Nash,
Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia's Black Community 1720–1840
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988), p. 138.

In Delaware:
Kolchin,
American Slavery
, p. 241.

“However well disposed”:
quoted in McDougall,
Fugitive Slaves
, p. 36.

“The spirit of the master”:
Jefferson, “Notes on the State of Virginia,” pp. 288–89.

The handiwork of a Yankee:
Material on Eli Whitney is based on David Cohn,
The Life and Times of King Cotton
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), pp. 7, 10–11; and Burton,
Rise and Fall of King Cotton
, pp. 61–63.

American cotton exports:
John C. Miller,
The Federalist Era, 1789–1801
(New York: Harper & Row, 1960), p. 177; Dangerfield,
Awakening of American Nationalism
, p. 104; Cohn,
Life and Times of King Cotton
, pp. 44–45; and Sydnor,
Slavery in Mississippi
, pp. 183–84.

Georgia would tally:
Lane, introduction to
South-Side View of Slavery
, by Nehemiah Adams, p. xi.

Slave traders made fortunes:
Kolchin,
American Slavery
, p. 98; Sydnor,
Slavery in Mississippi
, pp. 186–88; and Coleman,
Slavery Times in Kentucky,
pp. 143–45.

“A plantation well stocked”:
Sydnor,
Slavery in Mississippi
, p. 186.

a drop in the demographic bucket:
Lowance,
Against Slavery
, p. 8.

As idealism collided:
Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, p. 37; Kolchin,
American Slavery
, p. 91; Miller,
Federalist Era
, pp. 133, 139; Dillon,
Abolitionists
, pp. 46, 51.

“we shall be the murderers”:
quoted in Miller,
Federalist Era
, p. 133.

“brave sons of Africa”:
quoted in Dillon,
Abolitionists
, p. 48.

a “Negro war”:
Ibid.

the rebels' plan:
Ibid., p. 59.

“Where there is any reason”:
Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, p. 127.

In the aftermath:
Kolchin,
American Slavery
, p. 90.

In North Carolina:
Stephen B. Weeks,
Southern Quakers and Slavery
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1896), p. 222.

also be reenslaved:
Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, pp. 87–88.

Between 1765 and 1800:
Nash,
Forging Freedom
, pp. 38, 143.

In New York:
Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, p. 347.

“on the Pennsylvania road”:
Nash,
Forging Freedom
, p. 138.

an unnamed mulatto:
Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, pp. 347–48.

C
HAPTER
3: A G
ADFLY IN
P
HILADELPHIA

A genial New Jersey farm boy:
Lydia Maria Child,
Isaac T. Hopper: A True Life
(Boston: John P. Jewett & Co., 1853), pp. 33–35, 248; and Margaret Hope Bacon,
Lamb's Warrior: The Life of Isaac T. Hopper
(New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1970), pp. 7–9.

Nowhere in the United States:
Billy G. Smith, ed.,
Life in Early Philadelphia: Documents from the Revolutionary and Early National Periods
(University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995), pp. 3–11, 34–36; Child,
Isaac T. Hopper
, p. 147; Gary B. Nash,
First City: Philadelphia and the Forging of Historical Memory
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), pp. 108, 122–29.

C. F. Volney reported:
quoted in Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, p. 87.

African Americans were excluded:
Kolchin,
American Slavery
, p. 241; and William C. Kashatus,
Just over the Line: Chester County and the Underground Railroad
(West Chester, PA: Chester County Historical Society, 2002), pp. 8–10.

word spread rapidly:
Nash,
Forging Freedom
, pp. 139–42; and Kashatus,
Just over the Line
, p. 25–26.

king of Italy enjoyed:
Child,
Isaac T. Hopper
, p. 248; Christopher Densmore, curator, Friends Historical Library, Swarthmore College, interview with author, Swarthmore, Pa., June 21, 2002.

“had abundant reason to dread”:
Ibid., p. 206.

embraced his new faith:
Ibid., pp. 47, 218.

He was appointed:
Bacon,
Lamb's Warrior
, pp. 37–43.

a slave to Pierce Butler:
Child,
Isaac T. Hopper
, pp. 99–103.

a persecuted minority:
Hugh Barbour et al., eds.,
Quaker Crosscurrents: Three Hundred Years of Friends in the New York Yearly Meetings
(Syracuse, N. Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1995), pp. 5, 9–10; and Nash,
Forging Freedom
, pp. 24–29.

a “meddlesome Quaker”:
Child,
Isaac T. Hopper
, p. 17.

threats of assassination:
Ibid., p. 146.

“We may perform”:
Isaac T. Hopper, statement on the requirements of personal duty, dated March 3, 1845, Friends Historical Library, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA.

“It is most certain”:
Samuel Sewall, “The Selling of Joseph: A Memorial,” in
Against Slavery: An Abolitionist Reader
, Mason Lowance, ed. (New York: Penguin, 2000), pp. 11–13.

Cotton Mather:
Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, p. 256.

“Who can tell”:
Cotton Mather, “The Negro Christianized,” in
Against Slavery: An Abolitionist Reader
, Mason Lowance, ed. (New York: Penguin, 2000), pp. 19–20.

Evangelical Methodists and Baptists:
Kolchin,
American Slavery
, pp. 68–69.

Quakers had steadily examined:
Dillon,
Abolitionists
, pp. 8–9; and Burton,
Rise and Fall of King Cotton
, p. 38.

“Now, tho' they are black:
Moore,
Friends in the Delaware Valley
, p. 18.

Quakers generally: A Narrative of Some of the Proceedings of North Carolina Yearly Meeting on the Subject of Slavery within its Limits
(Greensborough, N. C.: Swaim and Sherwood, 1848), preface.

“vain customs”:
Kashatus,
Just over the Line
, p. 37.

Quakers most often cited:
Lucretia Mott, “Slavery and the ‘Woman Question': Lucretia Mott's Diary of Her Visit to Great Britain to Attend the World's Anti-Slavery Convention of 1840,” Frederick B. Tolles, ed., Supplement No. 23 to the
Journal of the Friends Historical Society
, Friends Historical Association, Haverford, PA, 1952; Christopher Densmore, curator, Friends Historical Collection, Swarthmore College, e-mail to the author, June 14, 2004; Barbara Wright, “North Carolina Quakers and Slavery” (unpublished thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1974), pp. 1 ff.