Bombshell (40 page)

72
Bin Ladin,
www.tawhed.ws/pr?i=7839

73
9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission of Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
, New York: W.W. Norton, 2004.

74
www.forsanelhaq.com/showthread.php?t=49656
(p. 27).

75
Nelly Lahoud,
The Jihadis Path to Self-destruction
, New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.

76
“Martyr Operations: A Means of Jihad,” Bayynat, the website of the religious authority Sayyid Muhammed Hussein Fadlallah,
http://english.bayynat.org.lb/news/martyr.htm

77
Islam on-Line, Ask a Scholar, Dr. ‘Abdel Fattah Idrees, professor of Comparative Jurisprudence, Al Azhar University, “Muslim Women Participating in Jihad,”
www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503544310

78
Annette Ramelsberger, “Converted to Female Warrior,”
Sueddeutsche Zeitung
, Munich, June 1, 2006.

79
“Fatwa of Doctor Yusuf al Qaradawi regarding the employment of women in Martyrdom operations”
www.palestine-info.info/arabic/fatawa/alamaliyat/qaradawi1.htm

80
Forum posted on a jihadi website by the UK-based cleric Hani al Siba'i, August 1, 2008.

81
Dr. Muhammed al Habash,
Al Thawrah
, Damascus, May 8, 2009.

8  The Four Rs plus One

1
Peter Bergen, “The Battle for Tora Bora: How Osama bin Laden Slipped from Our Grasp: The Definitive Account,”
The New Republic
, December 22, 2009.

2
Jessica Stern, “When Bombers Are Women,”
Washington Post
, December 18, 2003.

3
Author interviews with U.S. Marines deployed in Diyala Province 2006–2007, names withheld for security reasons, November 2009.

4
Eric Schechter, “Where Have All the Bombers Gone?”
The Jerusalem Post
, August 9, 2004.

5
Michael J. Mazarr, Review of Assaf Moghadam's
The Globalization of Martyrdom
,
Perspectives on Politics
, vol. 7, Issue 4, December 2009, p. 992.

6
Clara Beyler, “Using Palestinian Women as Bombs,”
New York Sun
, November 15, 2006.

7
Anat Berko and Edna Erez, “Gender, Palestinian Women, and Terrorism: Women's Liberation or Oppression?”
Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
, vol. 30, Issue 6, June 2007, pp. 493–519.

8
Ibid.

9
“Taliban Puts Afghan Boy in Suicide Vest,”
USA Today
,
www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-06-25-afghan-boy-bomber_N.htm

10
David Montero, “In Her Boarding Schools, Lily Munir Teaches Women and Children Their Religion Supports Gender Equality,”
Christian Science Monitor
, October 28, 2008.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adele Ann,
Women Fighters of the Liberation Tigers
. Publications Section of the LTTE, January 1, 1993.

Amnesty International, Chechnya—a report to the Council of Europe. AI Index: EUR 46/001/2001,
http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR460012001?open&of=ENG-366

Scott Atran, “Genesis and Future of Suicide Terrorism.”
Interdisciplines
, 2003,
www.interdisciplines.org/terrorism/papers/1/6
; see also
Science
7, March 2003, vol. 299. no. 5612, pp. 1534–39.

Anat Berko,
The Path to Paradise: The Inner World of Suicide Bombers and their Dispatchers
. New York: Praeger, 2007.

Anat Berko and Edna Erez, “Gender, Palestinian Women, and Terrorism: Women's Liberation or Oppression?”
Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
, vol. 30, issue 6, June 2007, pp. 493–519.

Clara Beyler, “Using Palestinian Women as Bombs,”
New York Sun
, November 15, 2006.

Mia Bloom,
Dying to Kill: the Allure of Suicide Terror
. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005, chapter 1.

———, “Female Suicide Bombers: A Global Trend.”
Daedalus
, Winter 2007.

———, “Mother. Sister. Daughter. Bomber.”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist
, 2005.

Mia Bloom and John Horgan, “Missing Their Mark: The IRA's Proxy Bomb Campaign.”
Social Research: An International Quarterly
, vol. 75, no. 2, Summer 2008.

CNN “One Woman's War,” Part 1.
http://edition.cnn.com/video/#/video/international/2009/02/10/wus.one.womans.
war.bk.b.cnn

David Cook,
Understanding and Addressing Suicide Attacks: The Faith and Politics of Martyrdom Operations.
Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2007.

———,
Understanding Jihad
. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2005.

———, “Women Fighting Jihad?”
Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
, vol. 28, pp. 375–84.

Mary Corcoran,
Out of Order: The Political Imprisonment of Women in Northern Ireland 1972–1998
. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2006.

Kim Cragin and Sara A. Daly,
Women as Terrorists: Mothers, Recruiters and Martyrs
. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2009.

Martha Crenshaw,
Explaining Terrorism: Causes, Processes and Consequences
. London: Rputledge, 2010.

Paul Cruickshank, “Love in the Time of Terror.”
Marie Claire
, May 18, 2009.

Karla J. Cunningham, “Cross-Regional Trends in Female Terrorism.”
Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
, Vol. 26, Issue 3, May 2003, pp. 171–195.

Margareta D'Arcy,
Tell Them Everything: A Sojourn in the Prison of HMS Queen Elizabeth II at Ard Macha (Armagh).
London: Pluto Press, 1981.

Joyce Davis,
Martyrs: Innocence, Vengeance, and Despair in the Middle East
. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

Bernadette Devlin,
The Price of My Soul
. London: Pan Books, 1969.

Adam Dolnik and Keith M. Fitzgerald,
Negotiating Hostage Crises with the New Terrorists.
Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2007.

Paige Whaley Eager,
From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists
. London: Ashgate, 2008.

Richard English,
Armed Struggle: A History of the IRA
. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

David Fromkin,
A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East
. New York: Owl Books, 1989 (reprinted by Holt, 2001 and 2009).

Diego Gambetta,
Making Sense of Suicide Missions
. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

James Gelvin,
The Israeli–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War
. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Paul Gill,
Marketing Martyrdom: The Political Psychology of Suicide Bombings.
Forthcoming, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press .

Jan Goodwin, “When the Suicide Bomber Is a Woman.”
Marie Claire
, September 2007,
www.marieclaire.com/world-reports/news/international/female-suicide-bomber

Viv Groskop, “Women at the Heart of Terror Cells,”
The Guardian
, September 5, 2004,
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/sep/05/russia.chechnya1

Sara Helm, “The Human Time Bomb. What Motivates a Suicide Bombing?”
Sunday Times Magazine
, January 6, 2002.

Bruce Hoffman,
Inside Terrorism
. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.

John Horgan,
Divided We Stand: The Strategy and Psychology of Ireland's Dissident Terrorists
. Forthcoming, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

———,
The Psychology of Terrorism
. London: Routledge, 2005.

International Crisis Group,
Jemaah Islamiya in South East Asia: Damaged but Still Dangerous
. ICG Report no. 63, August 26, 2003.

Alison Jamieson,
The Heart Attacked: Terrorism and Conflict in the Italian State.
London: Marion Boyars, 1989.

Nelly Lahoud,
The Jihadis Path to Self-destruction
. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.

Seán Mac Stíofáin,
Memoirs of a Revolutionary
. London: Gordon Cremonesi, 1975(second edition, Free Ireland Book Club, 1979).

Raymond McClean,
The Road to Bloody Sunday
. Derry, Northern Ireland: Guildhall Press, 1983.

Eileen McDonald,
Shoot the Women First
. New York: Random House, 1992.

Ariel Merari,
Driven to Death: Psychological and Social Aspects to Suicide Terrorism
. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Judith Miller, “The Bomb Under the Abaya,”
Policy Review
, Hoover Institution, June–July 2007.

Assaf Moghadam,
The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks
. Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.

Sally Neighbour,
The Mother of Mohammed: An Australian Woman's Extraordinary Journey into Jihad
. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.

Edgar O'Ballance,
The Cyanide War: Tamil Insurrection in Sri Lanka 1973–88
. London: Brassey's, 1989.

Alisa Stack O'Connor, “Lions, Tigers and Freedom Birds: How and Why the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Employs Women.”
Terrorism and Political Violence
, vol. 19, Issue 1, March 2007, pp. 43–63.

Ami Pedahzur,
Suicide Terrorism
. Cambridge, UK: Polity Books, 2004.

Anna Politkovskaya,
A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya
, translated by Alexander Burry and Tatiana Tulchinsky. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

Anita Pratap,
Island of Blood: Frontline Reports from Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Other South Asian Flashpoints
. New York: Putnam Press, 2001.

David Rapoport,
Terrorism: Critical Concepts in Political Science
. London: Routledge, 2006.

Maria A. Reesa,
Seeds of Terror: An Eyewitness Account of Al Qaeda's Newest Center of Operations in Southeast Asia
. New York: Free Press, 2003.

Walter Reich,
Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, and States of Mind
. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1999.

Robert I. Rotberg,
Creating Peace in Sri Lanka: Civil War and Reconciliation
. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999.

Marc Sageman,
Understanding Terror Networks
. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.

Laura Sjoberg and Caron E. Gentry,
Mothers, Monsters and Whores
. London: Zed Books, 2007.

Rosemarie Skaine,
Female Suicide Bombers
. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2006.

Jessica Stern,
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. New York: Ecco Press, 2004.

———, “When Bombers Are Women.” Washington Post, December 18, 2003.

Stanley J. Tambiah,
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. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Lawrence Wright,
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. New York: Knopf, 2006.

Debra D. Zedalis,
Female Suicide Bombers
. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific, 2004.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book would not have been possible without the support of many people. First and foremost, I want to thank Westwood Creative Artists, in particular Bruce Westwood and Carolyn Forde, for their support and encouragement since the inception of the project. I will always be grateful to Thomas Homer-Dixon, who was a real advocate in seeing the potential for this book. I want to thank everyone at Penguin Canada, and especially my editors Diane Turbide and Jonathan Webb. I am grateful to Scott Steedman and Chandra Wohleber for their significant improvement of my writing, and Sandra Tooze for all of her production assistance. Many thanks to Vijay Vaitheeswaran for suggesting the title. I am also grateful to Roger Haydon at Cornell University Press, the smartest man I know, for his indomitable patience and for allowing me to put other projects on the backburner in order to finish this book. Roger, you are a saint!

Writing can be both a labor of love and an intensely painful process. Ideas come at their own pace and not always at the most opportune times. This can mean crazy hours on my laptop or scrawling notes on bits of paper when coming up with a turn of phrase. The scarcest luxury of all is time. I owe a debt of gratitude to the academic departments who have given me leave to write, and
especially to the Office of Naval Research, whose support allowed me to teach a little less and write a little more. I specifically want to thank Ivy Estabrooke and Harold Hawkins for their support of my research projects as well as Jo and Ted for all their hard work. I thank the staff and the director, John Horgan, of the International Center for the Study of Terrorism (ICST) at Penn State, as well as Machelle Seiner and all of my colleagues at ICST. I am grateful to the dean of Liberal Arts, Susan Welch, as well as to Ray Lombra, Denise Solomon, Avis Kunz, Carolyn Sachs, Chris Woods, Trish Alexander, and Chris Bundy for giving me the time to make this book a reality.

I thank all the women who gave me their time to discuss their histories and their feelings about being involved in insurgent and terrorist movements. For obvious reasons, I will not be able to identify all those who offered their time and patience in responding to my questions about such difficult and sensitive issues. There are others, however, that I can thank and mention by name. Pat at Coíste and Evelyn at Tar Anal helped enormously with various introductions in Belfast, and Sree helped locate material about the women of the LTTE. The staff at the Linen Hall Library assisted me tirelessly in sifting through years of historical background material on the Provisional IRA. Alistair Gordon and Ross Moore deserve thanks for everything they did to help me over several visits to the NIPC Collection in Belfast.