Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (78 page)

From the beginning of the project to the end, Ray Brandon regularly contributed his superior bibliographic knowledge and vigorous critical spirit. Timothy Garton Ash helped me, at important points, to clarify my purposes. As I was drafting this book, I was speaking weekly with Tony Judt, in connection with another one. This altered my thinking on subjects such as the Popular Front and the Spanish Civil War. A decade of agreeing and disagreeing with Omer Bartov, Jan Gross, and Norman Naimark in various settings has sharpened my thinking on a host of questions. I have learned much over the years from conversations with Piotr Wandycz, my predecessor at Yale. Teaching a course in east European history at Yale with Ivo Banac broadened my knowledge. I found myself returning to basic problems of Marxism that I first perceived while studying under Mary Gluck (and Chris Mauriello) at Brown and then pursued at Oxford with the late Leszek Kołakowski. I did not continue the study of economics as John Williamson long ago counseled me to do, but I do owe a good deal of whatever economic intuition and knowledge remain to his support. My grand-mother Marianna Snyder talked to me about the Great Depression, and my parents Estel Eugene Snyder and Christine Hadley Snyder helped me to think about agricultural economics. My brothers Philip Snyder and Michael Snyder helped me to frame the introduction.

This book draws from research carried out in a number of archives over the course of many years. A good deal of the thinking also took place in archives. The archivists of the institutions mentioned in the bibliography are owed my thanks. The talk of archives in eastern Europe is often of what is closed; historians know that very much is open, and that we owe our productive work to those who keep it so. This study involved reading in German, Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Yiddish, Czech, Slovak, and French as well as English. It required cognizance of debates within the major historiographies, above all the German. I am sure that it would have benefited from literatures that I could not read. The friends who helped me with the languages I do read know who they are, and what I owe them. Special thanks are due to two excellent language teachers, Volodymyr Dibrova and Kurt Krottendorfer. Early on, Mark Garrison and the late Charles William Maynes impressed upon me the importance of learning languages and taking risks. In eastern Europe, Milada Anna Vachudová taught me about some of the overlaps. Stephen Peter Rosen and the late Samuel Huntington encouraged me to keep learning languages and deepening connections with eastern Europe, and provided the necessary support. It was at Harvard that I became a historian of this region, as opposed to a historian of some of its countries; this book is a pendant to the one that I wrote there.

Sources and inspiration for this book came from many other directions. Karel Berkhoff, Robert Chandler, Martin Dean, and Grzegorz Motyka graciously allowed me to read unpublished work, Dariusz Gawin directed me to forgotten works on the Warsaw Uprising, and Gerald Krieghofer found important press articles. Rafał Wnuk very kindly discussed with me the history of his family. The late Jerzy Giedroyc, Ola Hnatiuk, Jerzy Jedlicki, Kasia Jesień, Ivan Krastev, the late Tomasz Merta, Andrzej Paczkowski, Oxana Shevel, Roman Szporluk, and Andrzej Waśkiewicz helped me to ask some of the right questions. It was very instructive, as always, to think through the maps with Jonathan Wyss and Kelly Sandefer of Beehive Mapping. Steve Wasser-man of Kneerim and Williams helped me with the title and the book project, and offered me an opportunity in a book review to consider some of the issues. I appreciated the work of Chris Arden, Ross Curley, Adam Eaglin, Alex Littlefield, Kay Mariea, Cassie Nelson, and Brandon Proia of Perseus Books. I learned much that was necessary to conceive and write this book from Lara Heimert of Basic Books.

Carl Henrik Fredriksson invited me to give a lecture at the Eurozine conference in Vilnius on the imbalance between the memory and the history of mass killing. Robert Silvers helped me to temper the argument of that lecture in an essay that arose from that lecture, which states the problem that this book attempts to resolve. He and his colleagues at the
New York Review of Books
also published, in 1995, an essay by Norman Davies that drew my attention to some of the shortcomings of previous approaches to the problems treated in this book.

Lectures and seminars at the Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York, the Stiftung Genshagen, the Universidade Católica Portuguesa in Lisbon, the Central European Forum in Bratislava, the Deutsches Historisches Institut in Warsaw, the Instytut Batorego in Warsaw, the Einstein Forum in Berlin, the Forum för Levande Historia in Stockholm, the Kreisky Forum in Vienna, Harvard University, Columbia University, Princeton University, Birkbeck College London, and the University of Cambridge were welcome opportunities to test conclusions. Presentations generate exchanges: I think in particular of Eric Weitz’s remark about implicit and explicit comparisons, or Nicholas Stargardt’s notion of the economics of catastrophe, or Eric Hobsbawm’s willingness to counsel comparison in London and Berlin.

I recall all of these and many other moments of contact with gratitude.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PRESS ARTICLES (CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER)

Gareth Jones, “Will there be soup?”
Western Mail
, 17 October 1932.

“France: Herriot a Mother,”
Time
, 31 October 1932.

“The Five-Year Plan,”
New York Times
, 1 January 1933.

“The Stalin Record,”
New York Times
, 11 January 1933.

“Die Weltgefahr des Bolschewismus. Rede des Reichskanzlers Adolf Hitler im Berliner Sportpalast,”
Deutschösterreichische Tageszeitung
, 3 March 1933, 2.

Gareth Jones, “Famine grips Russia,”
New York Evening Post
, 30 March 1933.

Walter Duranty, “Russians Hungry, but not Starving,”
New York Times
, 31 March 1933, 13.

“Kardinal Innitzer ruft die Welt gegen den Hungertod auf,”
Reichspost
, 20 August 1933, 1.

“Foreign News: Karakhan Out?”
Time
, 11 September 1933.

“Die Hilfsaktion für die Hungernden in Rußland,”
Reichspost
, 12 October 1933, 1.

“Helft den Christen in Sowjetrußland,”
Die Neue Zeitung
, 14 October 1933, 1.

“Russia: Starvation and Surplus,”
Time
, 22 January 1934.

Mirosław Czech, “Wielki Głód,”
Gazeta Wyborcza
, 22-23 March 2003, 22.

Michael Naumann, “Die Mörder von Danzig,”
Die Zeit
, 10 September 2009, 54-55.

“Vyrok ostatochnyi: vynni!”
Dzerkalo Tyzhnia
, 15-22 January 2010, 1.

BOOKS (INCLUDING DOCUMENT COLLECTIONS) AND ARTICLES

Natal’ja Ablažej, “Die ROVS-Operation in der Westsibirischen Region,” in Rolf Binner, Bernd Bonwetsch, and Marc Junge, eds.,
Stalinismus in der sowjetischen Provinz 1937-1938
, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2010, 287-308.

Vladimir Abramov,
The Murderers of Katyn
, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1993.

Bradley Abrams, “The Second World War and the East European Revolution,”
East European Politics and Societies
, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2003, 623-664.

Henry Abramson,
A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times
, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Ya’acov Adini,
Dubno: sefer zikaron
, Tel Aviv: Irgun yots’e Dubno be-Yisra’el, 1966.

Pertti Ahonen,
After the Expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945-1990
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Pertti Ahonen, Gustavo Corni, Jerzy Kochanowski, Rainer Schulze, Tamás Stark, and Barbara Stelzl-Marx,
People on the Move: Forced Population Movements in the Second World War and Its Aftermath
, Oxford: Berg, 2008.

Götz Aly and Susanne Heim,
Architects of Annihilation: Auschwitz and the Logic of Destruction
, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.

Truman Anderson, “Incident at Baranivka: German Reprisals and the Soviet Partisan Movement in Ukraine, October-December 1941,”
Journal of Modern History
, Vol. 71, No. 3, 1999, 585-623.

Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky,
KGB: The Inside Story of Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev
, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1990.

Andrej Angrick,
Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord: Die Einsatzgruppe D in der südlichen Sowjetunion 1941-1943
, Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2003.

Andrej Angrick and Peter Klein,
The “Final Solution” in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941-1944
, New York: Berghahn Books, 2009.

Anonyma,
Eine Frau in Berlin: Tagebuchaufzeichnungen vom 20. April bis 22. Juni 1945
, Munich: btb Verlag, 2006.

Anne Applebaum,
Gulag: A History
, New York: Doubleday, 2003.

Yitzhak Arad,
Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps
, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.

Yitzhak Arad,
The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press and Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2009.

Yitzhak Arad, Shmuel Krakowski, and Shmuel Spector, eds.,
The Einsatzgruppen Reports
, New York: Holocaust Library, 1989.

Hannah Arendt,
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil
, London: Faber and Faber, 1963.

Hannah Arendt,
In der Gegenwart
, Munich: Piper, 2000.

Hannah Arendt,
The Origins of Totalitarianism
, New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1951.

Moshe Arens, “The Jewish Military Organization (ŻZW) in the Warsaw Ghetto,”
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2005, 201-225.

John Armstrong,
Ukrainian Nationalism
, New York: Columbia University Press, 1963.

Klaus Jochen Arnold, “Die Eroberung und Behandlung der Stadt Kiew durch die Wehrmacht im September 1941: Zur Radikalisierung der Besatzungspolitik,”
Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen
, Vol. 58, No. 1, 1999, 23-64.

Jerzy Autuchiewicz, “Stan i perspektywa nad deportacjami Polaków w głąb ZSRS oraz związane z nimi problemy terminologiczne,” in Marcin Zwolski, ed.,
Exodus: Deportacje i migracje (wątek wschodni)
, Warsaw: IPN, 2008, 13-30.

T. B., “Waldemar Schön—Organizator Getta Warszawskiego,”
Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego
, No. 49, 1964, 85-90.

Jörg Baberowski,
“Der Feind ist überall”: Stalinismus im Kaukasus
, Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2003.

Jörg Baberowski,
Der rote Terror: Die Geschichte des Stalinismus
, Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2003.

Jörg Baberowski and Anselm Doering-Manteuffel, “The Quest for Order and the Pursuit of Terror,” in Michael Geyer and Sheila Fitzpatrick, eds.,
Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, 180-227.

Gershon C. Bacon,
The Politics of Tradition: Agudat Yisrael in Poland
,
1916-1939
, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1996.

Peter Baldwin, ed.,
Reworking the Past: Hitler, the Holocaust, and the Historians’ Debate
, Boston: Beacon Press, 1990.

Alan Ball,
Russia’s Last Capitalists: The Nepmen, 1921-1929
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

Ivo Banac,
With Stalin Against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism
, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988.