Blood Cries Afar (59 page)

557
   See, for example, Bertrand Taithe and Tim Thornton (eds),
War: Identities in Conflict, 1300–2000
, Stroud, 1998. War and identity are main themes in Smith,
National Identity
; John Breuilly,
Nationalism and the State
, 2nd edn., Manchester, 1993; E. Shils, ‘Nations, Nationalism and Civil Society’,
Nations and Nationalism
, 1 (1), 1995. See Gillingham,
The English in the Twelfth Century
, 123–62, for the role or war within the British Isles on the formation of identity.

558
   Breuilly,
Nationalism and the State
, 87.

559
   David Carpenter, ‘English Peasants in Politics, 1258–1267’
Past and Present
, 136, 1992.

560
   Alfred Smyth, ‘The Emergence of English Identity, 700–1000’, in Alfred Smyth (ed),
Medieval Europeans: Studies in Ethnic Identity and National Perspectives in Medieval Europe
, Basingstoke, 1998.

561
   McGlynn, ‘British Nationalism and Europe: A Medieval Comparison’ extends this argument.

562
   HWM, 355–7; RW, ii, 219–20; WB, i, 313–14.

563
   HWM, 357.

564
   AB, 195.

565
   See again Tony Moore, ‘Other Cities have Citizens, London’s are called Barons’ for London.

566
   AB, 195–6.

567
   AB, 196–7. For the unsettled atmosphere in London, see AB, 196–7 and AM, ii, 287.

568
   Powicke,
King Henry III
, 13; Petit-Dutaillis,
Louis VIII
, 157.

569
   Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, 59.

570
   AB, 197–8.

571
   Powicke,
King Henry III
, 13.

572
   Vincent,
Letters and Charters
, 109.

573
   Vincent,
Letters and Charters
, 106–110 for the letter and commentary. See also Petit-Dutaillis,
Louis VIII
, 157–8, n.9, and Powicke,
King Henry III
, 14, n.1.

574
   AB, 197.

575
   
Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France
, 1734–1904, xix, 636, in Carpenter,
Minority
, 42.

576
   Cited in Vincent,
Letters and Charters
, 110.

577
   Carpenter,
Minority
, 42–3, covers this episode.

578
   AB, 199–200 for what follows in London.

579
   AB, 199–200.

580
   Sivéry,
Louis VIII
, 186. For Blanche of Castille, see: Gerard Sivéry,
Blanche de Castille
, Paris, 1990; Régine Pernoud,
Blance of Castile
, London, 1975; Jacques le Goff,
Saint Louis
, Paris, 1996.

581
   The Minstrel of Reims, in Petit-Dutaillis,
Louis VIII
, 163.

582
   RW, ii, 220–1.

583
   RW, ii, 221; AB, 198; AM, iii, 50; HWM, 357–9; Melrose, 127–8.

584
   HWM, 359.

585
   RW, ii, 221. For what follows and the Battle of Sandwich, see: RW, ii, 221–3; HWM, 357–77; AB, 201–2; BC, 238–9; RC, 185;WB, i, 314;
The Romance of Eustace the Monk
in Burgess,
Two Medieval Outlaws
, 77–8. Matthew Paris also covers the battle, but less reliably so when he moves away from Wendover’s account: MP, iii, 26–9;
Historia Anglia
216–21. A detailed secondary account of the battle is to be found in H.L. Cannon, ‘The Battle of Sandwich and Eustace the Monk’,
EHR
, 27, 1912. More briefly, see Norgate,
Minority
, 50–4; I follow a different chronology to Norgate who places the initial English defeat on the day of battle, instead of in the previous weeks.

586
   HWM, 363–5. The return to full allegiance of the Cinque ports was essential in preparing the English fleet. For medieval naval matters, see: N.A.M. Rodger,
The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain. Volume One: 660–1649
, 1997; F.W. Brooks,
The English Naval Forces, 1199–1272
, n.d.; Archibald Lewis and Timothy Runyan,
European Naval and Maritime History, 300–1500
, Bloomington, 1985; Ian Friel,
The Good Ship: Ships, Shipbuilding and Technology in England, 1200–1520
, 1995; John Gillingham, ‘Richard I, Galley-Warfare and Portsmouth: the Beginnings of a Royal Navy’,
TCE 6
, 1997; Susan Rose,
Medieval Naval Warfare, 1000–1500
, 2002; John Hattendorf and Richard Unger (eds),
War at Sea in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
, Woodbridge, 2003.

587
   For cogs, see Rodgers,
Safeguard of the Sea
, 62–3; Friel,
The Good Ship
, 35–8.

588
   For this episode, see Helen Nicholson (ed and trans),
Chronicle of the Third Crusade: A Translation of the
Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Ricardi, Aldershot, 1997, 197–9.

589
   RW, ii, 67–8.

590
   RW, ii, 68.

591
   David Loades, ‘The King’s Ships: the Keeping of the Seas, 1413–1480’,
Medieval History
, 1 (1), 1991, 94.

592
   HWM, 369.

593
   Loades, ‘The King’s Ships’, 94.

594
   The hunting analogy is usually the one accepted. However, in
The History of William Marshal
, from which this phrase comes (370–1), ‘hart’ is translated as ‘noose’. Here it is feminine. In English, ‘hart’ usually refers to a male deer, especially a stag, ‘Noose’ in Old French is a masculine noun. The inconsistencies of Old French apply to gender as much as to any aspect of its variable language.

595
   WB, i, 314.

596
   As is pointed out by Carpenter,
Minority
, 43.

597
   Cannon believes the French broke order to attack: ‘The Battle of Sandwich’, 663.

598
   RC, 185–6.

599
   AM, ii, 287–8. Prisoner numbers are discussed in Cannon, ‘The Battle of Sandwich’, 666–7.

600
   As Carpenter has noted (
Minority
, 43).

601
   
Patent Rolls
, 1216–25, 89 in Cannon, ‘The Battle of Sandwich’, 666, where the number of ships taken is discussed.

602
   RW, ii, 272; WB, ii, 271.

603
   See, for example, W.L. Clowes,
The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to 1900
, 1996 [1897], i, 190.

604
   For the immediate aftermath and impact of the battle, see RC, 186; RW, ii, 223; AB, 203–5.

605
   RC, 186. Note the worry Louis had over London’s loyalty in
Recueil
, xviii, 240 and Vincent,
Letters and Charters
, xliii. The most detailed account of the Battle of Muret will be found in Sean McGlynn, ‘
Kill Them All!’ Crusaders, Cathars and Carnage: Warfare in the Albigensian Crusade
, forthcoming.

606
   For the peace talks and settlement, see: AB, 202–5; RW, ii, 223–6; HWM, 385–9; RC, 186; AM, iii, 50–1; BC, 239.

607
   For the treaty, see: J. Beverley Smith, ‘The Treaty of Lambeth, 1217’,
EHR
, 94, 1979’; Norgate,
Minority
, 57–8; Carpenter,
Minority
, 44–9, which simultaneously examines some of the implications of the settlement in the early years of Henry’s minority; Powicke,
Thirteenth Century England
, 13–15; Painter,
William Marshal
, 223–4; Crouch,
William Marshal
, 125; Powicke,
King Henry
III, 17–19.

608
   Carpenter,
Minority
, 46.

609
   HWM, 385–7. Note William the Breton’s figure for the total amount of the payment to Louis: WB, i, 314–5.

610
   RC, 186.

611
   Bartlett,
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
, 275. See also Eales, ‘Castles and Politics in England’.

612
   Vincent,
Peter des Roches
, 136.

613
   See Carpenter,
Minority
, 31–4, for locality and allegiance.

614
   HWM, 357.

615
   BC, 239.

616
   For example: Powicke,
King Henry III
, 16.

617
   Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, 139–40.

618
   Coss,
Political Songs
, 22.

619
   BC, 232.

620
   For this meeting and a discussion of dates, see Smith, ‘The Treaty of Lambeth’, 562–5.

621
   AB, 205; RW, ii, 225.

Please note that the excellent and authoritative three-volume reference work
Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
edited by Clifford J. Rogers (Oxford, 2010) is too comprehensive to list separately all the articles relevant to this book, excepting the indulgence of my own germane entries. As a general rule in the bibliography, unlike in the endnotes, articles are not cited separately when they appear in volumes of collected papers of the authors’ works.

Place of publication is London unless otherwise stated.

Abulafia, D.,
Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor
, Harmondsworth, 1988

Ahlers, J.,
Die Welfen und Die Englische Könige, 1165–1235
, Hildesheim, 1987

Ailes, M. and Barber, M. (eds and trans),
The History of the Holy War
, Woodbridge, 2003

Allen, M., ‘The Volume of the English Currency, 1158–1470’,
Economic History Review
, 54 (4), 2001

Allmand, C. (ed),
Society at War: The Experience of England and France during the Hundred Years War
, Woodbridge, 1998

Allmand, C., ‘The Reporting of War in the Middle Ages’, in Diana Dunn (ed),
War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain
, Liverpool, 2000

Allmand, C., ‘War and Non-Combatants in the Middle Ages’, in Keen,
Medieval Warfare

Allmand, C.,
Henry V
, 1992

Allmand, C.,
The Hundred Years War: England and France at War, c.1300–c.1450
, Cambridge, 1988

Ambroise,
The Crusade of Richard Lionheart by Ambroise
, ed. and trans. M. J. Hubert and J.L. La Monte, New York, 1976 (reprint)

Amt, E.,
The Accession of Henry II in England: Royal Government Restored, 1149–1159
, Woodbridge, 1993

Annales Monastici
, [AM], ed. H.R. Luard, Rolls Series, 1864–69

Anonymous of Béthune, [AB],
Histoire des Ducs de Normandie et des Rois d’Angleterre
, ed. F. Michelet, Paris, 1840

Anonymous of Béthune,
Chroniques des Rois de France
, in
Recueil des Historiens de Gaules et de la France
, xxiv, ed. L. Delisle

Anstruther, I.,
The Knight and the Umbrella
, 1963

Appleby, J. (ed and trans),
The Chronicle of Richard of Devizes
, 1963

Appleby, J.,
England Without Richard, 1189–1199
, 1965

Arndt, W. (ed),
Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense
, Hanover, 1869

Arnold, B., ‘England and Germany’, in Michael Jones and Malcolm Vale (eds),
England and Her Neighbours, 1066–1453
, 1989

Arnold, B., ‘German Bishops and their Military Retinues in Medieval Europe’,
German History
, 7 (2), 1989

Arnold, B., ‘Germany and England, 1066–1453’, in Nigel Saul (ed),
England in Europe, 1066–1453
, 1994

Arnold, B.,
Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany
, Cambridge, 1991

Audouin, E.,
Essai sur l’Armée Royale au Temps de Philippe Auguste
, Paris, 1913

Ayton, A.,
Knights and Warhorses: Military Service and the English Aristocracy under Edward III
, Woodbridge, 1994

Bachrach, B., ‘Early Medieval Military Demography: Some Observations on the Methods of Hans Delbrück’, in D. J. Kagay and L. J. Andrew Villalon (eds),
The Circle of War in the Middle Ages
, Woodbridge, 1999

Bachrach, B., Rogers, C. J., DeVries, K. (eds),
Journal of Medieval Military History
, Woodbridge, 2002-

Baldwin, J., ‘Le Sens du Bouvines’,
Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale
, 30, 1987

Baldwin, J., ‘Philip Augustus and the Norman Church’,
French Historical Studies
, 6 (1), 1969

Baldwin, J.,
The Government of Philip Augustus
, Berkeley, 1986

Baraz, D.,
Medieval Cruelty
, Ithaca, 2003

Barber, M.,
The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple
, Cambridge, 1994

Barber, R. (ed),
Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince
, 1979

Barber, R.,
Edward: Prince of Wales and Aquitaine
, Woodbridge, 1978

Barber, R.,
Henry Plantagenet
, Woodbridge, new edn, 2001

Barber, R.,
The Knight and Chivalry
, Woodbridge, 1995

Barlow, F.,
The Feudal Kingdom of England, 1042–1216
, 4th edn, Harlow 1998

Barnie, J.,
War in Medieval English Society: Social Values in the Hundred Years War, 1377–99
, New York, 1974

Barnwell Chronicler [BC],
Memoriale Walteri de Coventria
, ed. W. Stubbs, 2 vols, RS, 1879–80