Blood Brothers

PRAISE FOR
BLOOD BROTHERS

“Ernst Haffner’s
Blood Brothers
rips you apart, emotionally and intellectually. The tragic story of the Berlin street gang known as the Blood Brothers in the waning days of the Weimar Republic is devastating. Trapped in a cycle of poverty, violence and incarceration, these young men survive by any means necessary. Haffner doesn’t indict the brothers; his target is the outdated bureaucracy and societal inequality that allow six million people to be on the brink of starvation. The book’s power is only amplified when you consider what follows in Germany and the fate of the author and his book.”

—MARTIN SCHMUTTERER, COMMON GOOD (MINNEAPOLIS, MN)

“In
Blood Brothers
, misery, company and Weegee-esque imagery form an unholy trinity of gritty perfection that sticks like skin to bone, and sheds flickering light on a vanished world: the merciless streets of 1930s Berlin and the kids who ran them. This is realism at its best—voyeurism with a conscience—and Haffner’s ability to lay bare the mechanisms of cyclical poverty and the state systems that, in spite of themselves, reinforce and recreate conditions of violence and criminality, is on par with Dickens: there are faces and names and stories behind each headline, each juvenile court docket. To paraphrase Dassin’s iconic closing words of that masterpiece of American neorealism,
Naked City
, there may be a million stories of destitution and despair on the eve of war, but this one is matchless.”

—ALEX HOUSTON, SEMINARY CO-OP BOOKSTORES (CHICAGO, IL)

“Despite the little we know about Ernst Haffner, it’s clear to me from reading
Blood Brothers
that he was a brave and compassionate man, as well as a talented author. His novel is a stark, realist masterpiece of 1930s Berlin streetlife that also contains nightmarish elements of German Expressionism and features bureaucracies as strange and labyrinthine as anything Kafka ever conceived. Yet, what comes through the most is Haffner’s supreme empathy for these lost boys, his desire to point out their plight.
Blood Brothers
is literature of social importance. It is a clarion call on par with
The Jungle—
art meant to enact change for the greater good. Perhaps, in its time, it was too successful at this aim. Otherwise, why would the Nazis go to the trouble to burn it?”

—KEATON PATTERSON, BRAZOS BOOKSTORE (HOUSTON, TX)

Copyright © WALDE+GRAF bei METROLIT

Metrolit Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin 2013

Published in German as
Blutsbrüder: Ein Berliner Cliquenroman

by Metrolit, Berlin, 2013

Originally published by Verlag Bruno Cassirer, Berlin, in 1932

Translation copyright © 2015 by Michael Hofmann

Introduction copyright © 2015 by Herbert A. Arnold

Production Editor: Yvonne E. Cárdenas

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from Other Press LLC, except in the case of brief quotations in reviews for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, or broadcast. For information write to Other Press LLC, 2 Park Avenue, 24th Floor, New York, NY 10016. Or visit our Web site:
www.otherpress.com

The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:

Haffner, Ernst.

  [Jugend auf der landstrasse Berlin. English]

The blood brothers : a novel / by Ernst Haffner; translated by Michael Hofmann.

    pages cm

Originally issued in 1932 under title: Jugend auf der landstrasse Berlin.

ISBN 978-1-59051-704-8 (pbk. original w/ flaps : alk. paper)—

ISBN 978-1-59051-705-5 (e-book) 1. Gangs—Germany—Berlin—Fiction.

2. Gang members—Germany—Berlin—Fiction. 3. Youth—Germany—Berlin—Fiction. 4. Unemployed—Germany—Berlin—Fiction. 5. Berlin (Germany)—

Social conditions—Fiction. I. Hofmann, Michael, 1957 August 25- translator.

II. Title.

PT2615.A2622J8413 2015

833′.912—dc23

2014039216

v3.1

INTRODUCTION

HERBERT A. ARNOLD

THIS SHORT NOVEL
about Berlin gang life is quite remarkable and slightly mysterious in several respects. Little is known about the author, Ernst Haffner, who seems to have disappeared during the turmoil of World War II. According to Peter Graf, the editor of the German edition on which this translation is based, he appears to have worked in Berlin as a journalist and possibly as a social worker between 1925 and 1933; the book was published in 1932 under the title
Jugend auf der Landstrasse Berlin
[Youth on the road to Berlin]. As the translator, Michael Hofmann, notes, “Landstrasse Berlin” conflates the idea of the city, Berlin, and the allegory of the road as the course of human life. It encompasses the road of good intentions and the road as the space of vagrants and tramps, the “home” of the homeless, those who fall by the wayside. The ultimate irony is, of course, that this makes Berlin not so much a destination as a constant condition of those condemned or allowed to flog its pavements. The Nazis banned the novel and included it in their public burning of unwanted books.

The reasons for this ban are unknown but an author would normally be banned because he was politically or racially undesirable in National Socialist eyes, i.e., was a communist or social democrat or Jewish or both. A literary work might also be proscribed because its contents ran counter to the desired idealization of youth prescribed by NS propaganda. The sympathetic treatment of social outsiders, ostracized by the Nazis as “
Asoziale
” and frequently put into concentration camps as recidivists, would certainly have run afoul of NS expectations and censorship practices. Finally, one of the repeated claims of the benefits the law and order National Socialists supposedly bestowed upon a lawless Germany inherited from the Weimar Republic was the total elimination of all crime from German cities; they placed special emphasis on their having eradicated all youth gangs and replaced them with the wholesome, Aryan sequence of NSDAP-run youth organizations from
Jungvolk
through
Hitlerjugend
(Hitler Youth) to
Reichsarbeitsdienst
(compulsory Labor Service).
Blood Brothers
definitely did not fit into that schema.

Nor did the reality of persistent youth gang activities throughout the war, especially in Berlin.

That the book surfaces only now is thus understandable but a bit surprising given the massive attention researchers have focused on all aspects of Weimar history, especially its social history, for which this novel is a unique atmospheric source. Contemporary critics such as Siegfried Kracauer already noted in the
Frankfurter Zeitung
that this depiction of what was called the “
Milieu
” (the Berlin-specific social underbelly of life) was accurate and fascinating. And the journal
Simplicissimus
enthused about the readability of this book, which was “neither reporting, nor investigation, nor accusation” but kept one enthralled all the same (Graf, introduction, p. 3).

This reference to the book’s stylistic peculiarity points to another one of the many small enigmas of this novel: How does the author manage to engage the reader’s interest and identification with the characters despite his obvious and successful insistence on remaining detached, dispassionate, and reportorial? Haffner is clearly part of the stylistic movement of the 1920s known as the
Neue Sachlichkeit
(New Objectivity or Realism)—a style much favored by a postwar generation that could no longer abide by the high-flying rhetoric that had characterized the previous generation of writers and had been discredited as part of the failed policies and propaganda of the Wilhelminian era. Hans Fallada is closely related in style and subject matter. His novel
Wer einmal aus dem Blech-napf frisst
(loosely translated: Once you’ve eaten prison grub; officially: Who once eats out of the tin bowl [from the 1934 English translation]) traces a former prison inmate’s futile attempts to re-integrate into civil society after his release, only to find the return to, and the pressures of, “free” society impossibly difficult to negotiate; he is eventually relieved to be able to return to the predictability and stability of prison life. This never-ending cycle, this inexorable loop of having a run-in with the law, incarceration, release, and the seemingly inevitable return to illegality and punishment is also the ostensible subject matter of one of the great German novels of the time, Alfred Döblin’s
Berlin Alexanderplatz
, first published in 1929. His anti-hero, Franz Biberkopf, released from Tegel prison in Berlin, is trying to find his place in civil society only to apparently run afoul of the law again; imprisoned again, he suffers a psychological collapse. Eventually released from a psychiatric ward he returns to Berlin, a broken man physically and spiritually. But the city of Berlin and the underclass from which Biberkopf comes are the real heroes of this novel in many respects; the city, destructive and implacable; the underclass, inescapable. A more lighthearted, satirical version of the big city and its merciless treatment of its inhabitants is
Fabian: Die Geschichte eines Moralisten
[Fabian: The history of a moralist] by Erich Kästner. Published in 1931, it was read by many as an indictment of the moral and political dissolution of German society in the Twenties, especially in Berlin. Once again people, this time of all social classes, are shown as being chewed up by the maws of the modern metropolis, frantically trying to remain or become self-determined, but never quite succeeding.

This context shows that
Blood Brothers
shares several characteristics with contemporary novels prominently featuring the effects of the modern big city, the almost inescapable effects of class and poverty, the inadequacies of the law—all of which are rendered in a distanced, reportorial tone, describing dispassionately what happens, without rendering any ostensible judgment. Yet somehow the empathy of the reader is engaged on the side of the main characters, even those who are quite unsavory. The aim is clearly social criticism, sometimes with a moral undertone, sometimes without.

Embedded though it is in contemporary narrative aesthetics—which also extend to film (Fritz Lang’s
Metropolis
), theater (Bertolt Brecht’s
Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny
), expressionist poetry (J. R. Becher, Georg Heym), and paintings (George Grosz, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, et al)—there are some distinguishing features in this novel. It focuses tightly on a small group of social outsiders: young boys between roughly ten and twenty years of age who have no place to go. Refugees from correctional facilities for wayward youth or abusive family situations, these youngsters have fled to Berlin in the hope of finding safety, some sort of freedom, only to find themselves in a desperate struggle for survival. Being underage and on the run from authorities, they literally have no identity: they lack the basic papers without which they cannot rent a place to live in; without a known place of abode they cannot be registered with the police; without this registration they cannot be legally employed. In short, until they become twenty one, they remain essentially wards of the state and will be institutionalized, even without a criminal record. But as the bulk of the correctional institutions “for the betterment of youth” house many recidivist runaways and criminals, they become—as they do elsewhere—schools for incipient and aspiring criminals.

That is certainly the picture painted here where potentially sympathetic policemen and judges are locked into the pattern even when all indications clearly advise a different approach, as in the case of two of the boys, Willi and Ludwig, who figure prominently in this novel. They will try to escape from the hamster wheel of illegality and petty crime and gang life, but the lack of papers and previous acts will prevent that until one of them comes of age. The bulk of the boys described here—girls play only a peripheral role, mainly as prostitutes—never even attempt to escape from their lives without shelter, food, or families. Instead, they try to find safety and companionship in
Cliquen
or gangs of up to sixteen boys that seem to form quite haphazardly around self-appointed leaders. Called Fred or Jonny, they provide occasional meals, cigarettes, guidance, even find and pay for places to sleep for all in relative safety from time to time. No one asks where they get their money. They all gratefully accept the temporary bounty from which they derive the obligation to do the same, should they come into some resources. Communal sharing establishes membership as much as sticking up for each other. Initiation rites and unwritten but generally known and observed “laws” hold the gang together, as do joint—and at times quite sophisticated—actions. Thus the gang that calls itself “Blood Brothers” grows and progresses from occasional criminal activity to organized theft and robbery, specializing for a while in distracting women in supermarkets and stealing their purses—a lucrative enterprise that bothers some of the boys, as they are robbing people who have little themselves. But while leaders like Jonny seem quite content to stay at this level of petty crime, others, such as Fred, graduate to more serious offenses, including breaking and entering and robbery. When they get caught, the gang disintegrates temporarily until Fred returns from prison and resumes gang life with a few of the old buddies. The gang will reconstitute itself with a new membership of equally desperate and lonely youngsters.