Blackett's War (48 page)

56.
Quoted in Werskey,
Visible College
, 216.

57.
Hodgkin et al., “Memorial of Blackett,” 145.

58.
Ibid., 144.

59.
Nye,
Blackett
, 152, 175.

60.
Eiduson,
Scientists
, 105–6.

61.
“Professor the Lord Blackett, O.M.,” Blackett Papers, PB 1/3.

62.
Blackett and Occhialini, “Tracks of Penetrating Radiation,” 699.

63.
Brown, “Blackett at Cambridge,” 107; “Atomic Discovery Hailed,”
New York Times
, February 18, 1933; “Finds Cosmic Rays Have Odd Particle,”
New York Times
, February 17, 1933; Nye,
Blackett
, 50–53.

64.
Zuckerman,
Six Men
, 37–38; Brown, “Blackett at Cambridge,” 108; Bullard, “Blackett.”

65.
Nye,
Blackett
, 29, 54.

1.
Werskey,
Visible College
, 339–41.

2.
Brown,
J. D. Bernal
, 57–58.

3.
Churchill,
Second World War
, 1:71, 73, 77, 111; Manchester,
Last Lion
, 2:100.

4.
Manchester,
Last Lion
, 2:102–3.

5.
Ibid., 2:92, 145.

6.
Ibid., 2:95; Air Ministry, “Expansion of the Royal Air Force,” 12; Churchill,
Second World War
, 1:169–70.

7.
Manchester,
Last Lion
, 2:99.

8.
Wohl,
Generation of 1914
, 105.

9.
Fussell,
Great War
, 33, 139; Charles Carrington, quoted in Wohl,
Generation of 1914
, 109.

10.
Wohl,
Generation of 1914
, 109, 230.

11.
Werskey,
Visible College
, 217–18; “Scientific Workers and War,”
Nature
, May 16, 1936, 829–30.

12.
Quoted in Bialer,
Shadow of the Bomber
, 158.

13.
Douhet,
Command of the Air
, 9.

14.
Quoted in Werskey,
Visible College
, 227–28.

15.
Quoted in Smith,
British Air Strategy
, 46–47; Bialer,
Shadow of the Bomber
, 14.

16.
“Science and Air Bombing,”
The Times
, August 8, 1934.

17.
Zuckerman,
Six Men
, 20–21; Churchill,
Second World War
, 1:79–80.

18.
“Aerial Bombing,”
The Times
, August 15, 1934.

19.
Rowe,
One Story of Radar
, 4–5.

20.
Clark,
Rise of the Boffins
, 15–16.

21.
Clark,
Tizard
, 111.

22.
Ibid., 116.

23.
Ibid., 11.

24.
Ibid., 113.

25.
Hough and Richards,
Battle of Britain
, 50.

26.
“Tizard and the Science of War” in Blackett,
Studies of War
, 105–6.

27.
F. A. Lindemann to Lord Swinton, September 23, 1936, Tizard Papers, HTT 111; Churchill to Kingsley Wood, June 9, 1928, PRO, AIR 19/25; Jones,
Wizard War
, 16.

28.
Zuckerman,
Six Men
, 20–21; Tizard to D. R. Pye, February 7, 1939, Tizard Papers, HTT 99.

29.
Clark,
Tizard
, 127, 141.

30.
“Anglo-German Naval Discussions,” June 7, 1935, C.P.’s Nos. 86(35) to 140(35), pp. 167–71, PRO, CAB 24/255.

31.
Churchill,
Second World War
, 1:140; Padfield,
Dönitz
, 149.

32.
Shirer,
Rise and Fall
, 281.

33.
Van der Vat,
Atlantic Campaign
, 101; Blair,
Hitler’s U-Boat War
, 1:45.

34.
Padfield,
Dönitz
, 150–57.

35.
Quoted in Zimmerman, “Society for the Protection of Science,” 35.

36.
Rhodes,
Making of the Atomic Bomb
, 191.

37.
Zimmerman, “Society for the Protection of Science,” 30–36.

38.
Woolf,
Journey Not the Arrival
, 139.

39.
Bernal,
Social Function of Science
, 186.

40.
Werskey,
Visible
College, 192–93; Baker, “Counter-blast to Bernalism,” 174.

41.
“Resolution Adopted at the Council Meeting of the Association of Scientific Workers Held on 19th November, 1938,” Blackett Papers, PB 5/1/3.

42.
Clark,
Rise of the Boffins
, 56–57; Nye,
Blackett
, 35.

43.
“Third Progress Report, 3 October 1946,” Special Interception Experiments at Biggin Hill, Part I, PRO, AIR 16/179.

44.
Larnder, “Origin of Operational Research,” 467–71; McCloskey, “Beginnings of OR,” 146; Clark,
Rise of the Boffins
, 61–63; Air Ministry,
Operational Research in RAF
, 4–7; Crowther and Whiddington,
Science at War
, 93.

45.
“Tizard and the Science of War” in Blackett,
War and Peace
, 103–4.

46.
Williams, “Origin of Term,” 112; McCloskey, “Beginnings of OR,” 146.

47.
Quoted in Nye,
Blackett
, 8.

48.
Ibid., 38.

49.
Shirer,
Rise and Fall
, 471–75.

50.
Ibid., 387.

1.
Roskill,
War at Sea
, 1:34.

2.
Schofield, “Defeat of the U-Boats,” 120.

3.
Hackmann, “Sonar Research,” 87, 88.

4.
Padfield,
Dönitz
, 175.

5.
Shirer,
Rise and Fall
, 571.

6.
Blair,
Hitler’s U-Boat War
, 1:46–47.

7.
Padfield,
Dönitz
, 150.

8.
“Reflections of the C.-in-C., Navy, on the Outbreak of War, September 3, 1939,”
Fuehrer Conferences
, 37–38.

9.
“Memorandum by Admiral Doenitz, F.O. U-Boats, Date 1.9.39: The Building-Up of the U-Boat Arm,” ibid., 36–37.

10.
Blair,
Hitler’s U-Boat War
, 1:37; Tarrant,
U-Boat Offensive
, 169–76.

11.
Padfield,
Dönitz
, 179.

12.
Ibid., 180.

13.
Gilbert, ed.,
Churchill War Papers
, 1:159–60.

14.
Ibid., 1:18.

15.
“Conference of the C.-in-C., Navy, with the Fuehrer on September 7, 1939,”
Fuehrer Conferences
, 39–40.

16.
Carroll, “First Shot,” 406; van der Vat,
Atlantic Campaign
, 28–30; Churchill,
Second World War
, 1:423.

17.
Churchill,
Second World War
, 1:426–28.

18.
Ibid., 1:432–34.

19.
Gilbert, ed.,
Churchill War Papers
, 1:157–59; Churchill,
Second World War
, 1:416.

20.
Carroll, “First Shot,” 406; “The Athenia,”
The Times
, September 5, 1939.

21.
Padfield,
Dönitz
, 197–98.

22.
Higgins,
Defensively-Armed Merchant Ships
, provides a lucid analysis of the legal issues involved.

23.
Shirer,
Rise and Fall
, 639–43; Manchester,
Last Lion
, 2:563–64.

24.
Padfield,
Dönitz
, 206.

25.
Gilbert, ed.,
Churchill War Papers
, 1:235.

26.
Miller,
War at Sea
, 43.

27.
Padfield,
Dönitz
, 206–7.

28.
Gilbert, ed.,
Churchill War Papers
, 1:1276.

29.
Ibid., 1:637; Manchester,
Last Lion
, 2:568–69.

30.
Gilbert, ed.,
Churchill War Papers
, 1:722.

31.
Ibid., 1:227–28; Churchill,
Second World War
, 1:467–68; Schofield, “Defeat of the U-Boats,” 121.

32.
Churchill,
Second World War
, 1:465–66.

33.
Clark,
Tizard
, 129.

34.
Gilbert, ed.,
Churchill War Papers
, 1:52–53.

35.
Ibid., 1:166.

36.
Clark,
Rise of the Boffins
, 72–74.

37.
Andrew,
Secret Service
, 453.

38.
Denniston Papers, DENN 1/4, p. 5.

39.
Mahon, “History of Hut Eight,” 14.

40.
Hinsley and Stripp, eds.,
The Codebreakers
, 77–78, 238.

41.
Manchester,
Last Lion
, 2:608–10; Woolf,
Journey Not the Arrival
, 9–10.

42.
Padfield,
Dönitz
, 208–11.

43.
Tarrant,
U-Boat Offensive
, 83; Blair,
Hitler’s U-Boat War
, 1:143–44;
Fuehrer Conferences
, 59.

1.
Zuckerman,
Apes to Warlords
, 108.

2.
Krohn, “Zuckerman,” 580, 590, 593.

3.
Robertson, “Waddington,” 578–79, 603–4.

4.
Krohn, “Zuckerman,” 577.

5.
Huxley, “Science in War.”

6.
Science in War
, 11.

7.
Larnder, “Origin of Operational Research,” 471–72; Zimmerman, “Preparations for War,” 118–20; Air Ministry,
Operation Research in RAF
, 6–8, 12, 19.

8.
Zimmerman, “Preparations for War,” 118.

9.
Quoted in Fortun and Schweber, “Scientists and World War II,” 613.

10.
Science in War
, 34–35.

11.
Werskey,
Visible College
, 264n; Nye,
Blackett
, 36.

12.
Padfield,
Dönitz
, 214–15; van der Vat,
Atlantic Campaign
, 190–91.

13.
McMahan, “German Navy’s Special Intelligence,” 21.

14.
“U-99 Interrogation of Survivors,” April, 1941, pp. 5–6, U-boat Archive,
www.uboatarchive.net/U-99INT.htm
; “U-70 Interrogation of Survivors,” April, 1941, p. 5, U-boat Archive,
www.uboatarchive.net/U-70INT.htm
.

15.
Van der Vat,
Atlantic Campaign
, 252–53.

16.
Clark,
Tizard
, 244.

17.
Ibid., 228.

18.
Jones,
Wizard War
, 23–26.

19.
Ibid., 3.

20.
Ibid., 94.

21.
Ibid., 101; Churchill,
Second World War
, 2:384–85.

22.
Jones,
Wizard War
, 109.

23.
Clark,
Tizard
, 236–40.

24.
Ibid., 253–54.

25.
Burns,
Roosevelt
, 1:441.

26.
Clark,
Tizard
, 260–69.

27.
Morse,
In at the Beginnings
, 121.

28.
Bush,
Pieces of the Action
, 33.

29.
Burns,
Roosevelt
, 2:60–61; Bush,
Pieces of the Action
, 36.

30.
Benson,
Communications Intelligence
, 16–17; Bath,
Tracking Axis Enemy
, 35; Budiansky,
Battle of Wits
, 176–79.

31.
Clark,
Tizard
, 214–19; Rhodes,
Making of the Atomic Bomb
, 338.

32.
Lovell, “Blackett in War and Peace,” 228; Rhodes,
Making of the Atomic Bomb
, 368–69. After Tizard’s CSSAW was disbanded in June 1940, Thomson’s atomic bomb committee was transferred to the Ministry of Aircraft Production, and was known as the Maud Committee.

33.
Overy,
Battle of Britain
, 80; Shirer,
Rise and Fall
, 778.

34.
Lovell, “Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett,” 56; Lovell, “Blackett in War and Peace,” 222.

35.
“Recollections of Problems Studied,” in Blackett,
Studies of War
, 207–8.

36.
Sir Fredrick Alfred Pile,
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography;
Pile,
Ack-ack
, 26, 113, 160.

37.
Clark,
Rise of the Boffins
, 143; I. Evans, “The Beginnings of Operational Research,” Blackett Papers, PB 4/7/3/20.

38.
“Recollections of Problems Studied,” in Blackett,
Studies of War
, 208; George Johnston, WW2 People’s War archive,
www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/28/a8644728.shtml
; E. E. Treadwell, in Sawyer et al., “Reminiscences,” 133–35.

39.
“Recollections of Problems Studied,” in Blackett,
Studies of War
, 209–11.

40.
“Operational Research. Professor P. M. S. Blackett,” pp. 6–7, Blackett Papers, PB 4/7/2/7; “Recollections of Problems Studied,” in Blackett,
Studies of War
, 220.

41.
Churchill,
Second World War
, 2:560.

42.
Clark,
Rise of the Boffins
, 150; “Formation and Organisation of Naval Operational Research Department,” PRO, ADM 1/20113; Lovell, “Blackett in War and Peace,” 223.

1.
Blackett, “Evan James Williams,” 387, 400–401, 403–4.

2.
“Coastal Command Against the U-Boat, 1939–1944,” p. 1, PRO, AIR 15/291; “Memorandum on Anti-Submarine Measures,” September 1941, Table III, Blackett Papers, PB 4/7/1/6.

3.
“Captain A/S., Belfast, to Command-in-Chief, Western Approaches, August 18, 1940,” PRO, AIR 15/29.

4.
Price,
Aircraft Versus Submarine
, 47–48.