Berlin Games (56 page)

Pfnuer, Franz (German skier)

Phipps, Sir Eric (British ambassador to Berlin); on Hitler's demands; and Hitler's proposed occupation of the Rhineland; meeting with Hitler; on Eden questionnaire to Hitler; and Barrington-Ward; warned by Vansittart; party at embassy; on Vansittarts' visit to Berlin; as host; life after Berlin Games

photographs: of Hitler, with Komorowski; of airport by Americans; with Stephens; of Morris by Riefenstahl

physical culture: Hindenburg on; British attitude to; Coubertin and; Brundage on; Nazi attitude;
see also
politics and sport; sportsmanship

pigeons: release of, at Games

Pinton, Vincenzo (Italian fencer)

Pirsch, Joachim (German rower)

pistol shooting: in pentathlon

Poland: proposed participation in People's Olympic Games; and Nazi Germany; three-day event team; in fencing tournament; Olympic athletes fate in Second World War

pole vault: in decathlon

political murders, Germany

politics and sport; Brundage on; apathy of athletes; Olympic athletes; Seelenbinder; Nazis; Victor Klemperer on; Games as political propaganda;
see also
physical culture

Portal, Lord: at 1936 BOA dinner

Poynton Hill, Dorothy (American diver)

Prasad, Kunwar Sir Jagdish

Preis, Ellen (Austrian fencer)

Prenn, Daniel (German Jewish tennis player)

Price, George Ward (journalist)

prisons: in Nazi Germany;
see also
concentration camps

product endorsement: Poynton Hill

professionalism in Olympics;
see also
amateur status of athletes

Proksch, Alfred (Austrian pole-vaulter)

propaganda: for Berlin Games; and athletes; foreign athletes as

prostitutes: and Berlin Games

Protestant Reich Church
see
Reich Church

Protestants: in USA, demand for boycott of Games; in Nazi Germany

public baths: Jews banned

Punch
: cartoon of Hitler

 

racism:
Der Angriff
; Nazis; Brundage; and sport; Hitler; against black Americans; racist murder, Germany and US compared; America; lack of racial segregation on SS
Manhattan
; American hypocrisy;
see also
fascism; Hitler, Adolf; Nazi Party

Rampling, Godfrey (British athlete); in British try-out finals for Berlin Games; in relay final

Ratjen, Dora/Hermann (German high jumper)

Rawls, Katherine (American diver)

records
see
Olympic records; world records

‘Red Army': Germany in 1920

Red Sports International

Redesdale, Lord

Reds
see
communism

Reich Church

Reich Citizenship Law

Reich Schools: Hitler's proposals

Reichenau, Lt Gen Walther von: as member of GOC

Reischach, Baroness

relays: 4 x 100-metres relay final; American team changes; baton changes; men's 4 x 100 metres; women's 4 x 100 metres; men's 4 x 400 metres

religion and sport; Arnold and Rugby School; Coubertin and; Brundage on;
see also
Christianity; Church leaders; Confessing Church; Reich Church

Rhineland: demilitarisation; Hitler's occupation of

Ribbentrop, Annalies

Ribbentrop, Joachim von; Büro Ribbentrop; on Neurath; and occupation of the Rhineland; Vansittart on; Thomas Jones on; negotiations with the British; proposed meeting between Hitler and Baldwin; appearance and character; meeting with Channon; appointment as ambassador to London; and Vansittart; advice to Vansittart on meeting with Hitler; party in Dahlem; meeting with Vansittart; on Vansittart; jealousy of Goering; as ambassador to London

Rice, Grantland (American sports writer): on Owens; on German storm troopers; on Germany

Richthofen, Manfred von (the Red Baron)

Riefenstahl, Leni (German film-maker); and filming of Berlin Games; filming of carrying of Olympic torch; in Greece; filming of Owens; and Morris; and American team's baton changes;
Olympia
; Olympic Diploma for
Olympia

Riley, Charles (Owens' PE teacher): as Owens' coach

Risiglione, Francisco (Argentinian boxer)

Ritter von Halt
see
von Halt

ritual and ceremony: and Nazism; and ‘Olympian Games'; release of pigeons at start of Games; Olympic Games; national flags; Greeks in Olympic rituals;
see also
Olympic bell; Olympic flame; Olympic oath

Roberts, Bill (British athlete); business successes; early achievements; in British try-out finals for Berlin Games; in 400 metres; in relay final; on winning relay final; theft and replacement of gold medal

Robertson, Lawson (American track coach); and relay final

Robinson, Elizabeth (American athlete): in relay final

Robinson, Mack (African-American athlete)

Roehm, Ernst

Rogers, Annette (American athlete)

Roma people: and Berlin Games

Rome: as potential venue for Olympic Games

Roosevelt, Franklin D.: correspondence with Sherrill; and Neutrality Acts

Root, Elbert (American diver)

Rose, Billy: marriage to Holm

Ross, Albion (American journalist): on young competitors

Rothschild, Philippe de

rowing: exclusion of Jews from clubs; British team's problems; championships

Ruhr: occupation of

Runzheimer, Doris (friend of Mayer)

Ruud, Birger (Norwegian skier); in downhill and slalom competition; in ski-jump

Ruud, Sigmund (Norwegian skier)

 

SA (Sturm Abteilung); attack on Seelenbinder; and sport;
see also
Malitz

Sackett, Mrs Ada T. (swimming team chaperone)

St Germain, Ralph (Canadian ice hockey team)

St Louis Games, 1904; drugs used by athletes

St Moritz, 1928 Games
see
Winter Olympics

Salford Athletic Club: Roberts in

Salford, Lancashire

Salminen, Ilmari (Finnish athlete)

salutes: fascist and Olympic, similarity

San Romani, Archie (American athlete)

Sapporo, 1936 Winter Games: Schranz's disqualification by Brundage

Sasaki (Japanese athlete)

Schacherer-Elek, Ilona (Hungarian fencer)

Schacht, Dr Hjalmar; bribe to Coubertin

Schau-Nilson, Laila (Norwegian skier)

Schilgen, Fritz (German athlete and carrier of Olympic torch)

Schirach, Baldur von (Reich Youth Leader)

Schleicher, General Kurt von

Schmeling, Max (German boxer)

Schnell, Irmgard (German musician)

Schramková (Czech swimmer)

Schranz, Karl (Austrian skier): disqualified by Brundage

Schwarze Korps, Das
(SS newspaper); Dodd on

Scott, Peter (British yachting team)

Scripps College, California: Mayer at

Second World War: victories, and sport, Diem on

Seelenbinder, Werner (German wrestler); success in German championships; banned from sporting club; communist beliefs; refusal to make fascist salute; and boycott movement; planned exposure of Nazi Germany; reinstated in club; proposed radio interview at Berlin Games; at opening ceremony; at Berlin Games; execution and farewell letter; life after Berlin Games

Sempill, Lord

Senff, Dina (Dutch swimmer)

Seoul, 1988 Olympics: Son Ki-Jung as torch-bearer

Sevket, Mahmut (Turkish skier): in downhill competition

sex
see
gender

Sherrill, Brigadier General E. Charles: support for Jews; on proposed boycott of 1936 Games; on Jews in Germany; meeting with Hitler; in Nuremberg; support requested for athletes' participation in Games

Shirer, William (Berlin-based American journalist)

shooting
see
pistol shooting

shot put; in decathlon

Sinti people: and Berlin Games

ski jumping competition

skiing: exclusion of Jews from clubs; 1936 Winter Games

slalom competition

Slaughter, Henry A.: letter to
New York Times

Smith, Major Truman: invitation to Lindbergh to visit Germany

smoking athletes: Holm; Harper; Poynton Hill's sponsorship by Camel; Owens; Morris

Smuts, Jan: Leibbrandt assassination plan

Snyder, Larry (Owens' coach); and relay final

Sobik (Polish fencer)

Socialists: in Nazi Germany

Solomon, Ruth
see
Owens, Ruth (née Solomon)

Sommerfest

Son Ki-Jung (Korean marathon runner)

Sorensen, Inge (Danish swimmer)

Southwood, Leslie (British rower)

Soviet Union: proposed participation in People's Olympic Games

Spain: Popular Front, boycott of 1936 Games; People's Olympic Games
see
People's Olympic Games

Spanish civil war; and People's Olympics; Hitler on

Spectator, The

speed skating competition

Speer, Albert: on Hitler; model of new stadium

Sport and State
(Nazi handbook)

Sporting Chronicle see
Kirby

sportsmanship: British, Coubertin and; Hitler and; Brundage on; Jahncke on; Carl ‘Luz' Long and Owens in long jump competition;
see also
Olympism

SS (Schutzstaffel); and Jewish pogrom in Hirschberg; in Berlin; Osendarp in

stadium, Olympic, Berlin
see
Olympiastadion

Starbird, Lt (American pentathlete)

Stephens, Helen (American athlete); discovery of documents on Jews; on SS
Manhattan
; nickname; sex questioned; as world record holder; in 100 metres; meeting with Hitler; at Goebbels'
Sommerfest
; and Goering; in relay final; life after Berlin Games

Stern, J. (German Jewish secretary of International Diving Committee)

Stockholm, 1912 Olympics: Germany in; Brundage as competitor

Stoller, Sam (American Jewish athlete); in US try-out finals; and relay final; excluded from relay final

Stork, Hermann (German diver)

Strandberg (Swedish athlete)

Strauss, Richard (composer)

Streicher, Julius

Strength through Joy (Kraft durch Freude)

strychnine: used by athletes

Stuermer, Der

swastikas: as symbol; and Olympics; in Garmisch; and Berlin Games;
see also
flags

Sweden: proposed participation in People's Olympic Games; and the pentathlon; in 4 x 400-metre relay final

swimming: Jews banned from public baths; US try-out finals; SS
Manhattan
, training facilities on board; in pentathlon; women's events; failed stopwatches; youngest competitor; men's events

Switzerland: Swiss athletes at 1936 Winter Games; in eights final; in coxless fours

Szembek, Countess: at Ribbentrop's party

 

Tajima (Japanese long jumper)

Tamila (Finnish marathon runner)

Tarkianen (Finnish marathon runner)

Tarzan's Revenge
(film)

Temple, William, Archbishop of York: letter to BOA

tennis: exclusion of Jews from competitions

Thaelman, Ernst (leader of German Communist Party)

Thofelt, Sven (Swedish pentathlete)

Thorpe, Jim (American Indian Olympic medallist)

three-day event: accusations of cheating; reception for riders

Thurber, Delos (American high jumper)

Times, The
: support for Germany

tokenism: Bergmann as token Jew in training; Aberdare's; and Sherrill; removal of anti-Semitic signs; token Jews in 1936 Winter Games

torch, Olympic
see
Olympic flame

Torrance, Jack (American shot putter)

totalitarianism: and Berlin Games;
see also
fascism

Towns, Forest ‘Spec' (American hurdler)

trades unionists: in Nazi Germany

Triumph of the Will
(film)

Tschammer und Osten, Hans von; and preparations for 1936 Games; restriction on Jewish competitors for Games; with Hitler at visit to Stadium; denial of restrictions on Jews in 1936 Games; meeting with Brundage; on Ettlingen training camp; negotiations with Sherrill over Jewish athlete; invitations of Jewish athletes to take part in Games; at England v. Germany football match; commission of
Sport and State
(Nazi handbook); on German approach to sport; and Finnish medalists; and Owens; contact with Brundage after Berlin Games

Turkish athletes: skiers at 1936 Winter Games

Turners gymnasiums (Turnvereins); New York

Tuscan, Joanna de (American fencer)

 

Udet, General Ernst

UFV
see
Ulmer Fussball Verein

Uhrig, Robert (communist leader)

Uhrig Group

Ulbrickson, Alvin (American rowing coach)

Ulmer Fussball Verein (UFV)

uniforms and Nazism; Storm troopers

United States

 

athletic competitions: Big Ten Championship; success in 1928 Games

 

in 1936 Winter Games; cost to AOC; uniforms; athletes in opening ceremony; skiing competition; in bobsleigh competition; in ice hockey tournament; medals; athletes, amateur status

 

in Berlin Games: attendance at Games, importance for Lewald; try-out finals; third-placed athletes in try-out finals; team's voyage on SS
Manhattan
; training facilities on SS
Manhattan
; welcome in Berlin; athletes' reception in Berlin; athletes in opening ceremony; medals; in relay finals; in eights final; in hockey tournament

 

State Department, appeal from Messersmith; declaration of neutrality, and Nazi Germany; on equivalence of Jews and African-Americans; race relations;
see also
Los Angeles Games; St Louis Games

Untermeyer, Samuel (president of Non Sectarian Anti-Nazi League to Champion Human Rights)

 

Vallellano, Count de, at Barcelona meeting in 1931