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1. Bonn, Electorate of Cologne

 

1. Thayer/Forbes, 1:44–45.

2. Ibid., 1:12.

3. Closson, “Grandfather Beethoven,” 369.

4. MacArdle, “Family van Beethoven,” 533.

5. Closson, “Grandfather Beethoven,” 370; Clive,
Beethoven and His World
, 23.

6. Blanning,
Pursuit of
Glory
, 366.

7. Pfeiff,
Bonn
, 25.

8. Wetzstein/Fischer, 5n12.

9. Pfeiff,
Bonn
, 32.

10. Zehnder,
Die Bühnen des Rokoko
, 157.

11. Pfeiff,
Bonn
, passim.

12. Knopp, “Die Stadtgestalt Bonns,” 52–54.

13. Thayer/Forbes, 1:16.

14.
Siebengebirge
denotes “seven mountains,” but they are mostly hills and there are more than forty of them, so one finds various theories about the origin of the name.

15. Victor Hugo, quoted in Scherman and Biancolli, 5.

16. Knopp, “Die Stadtgestalt Bonns,” 51.

17. Stader, “Bonn und der Rhein,” 122.

18. Thayer/Forbes, 1:40.

19. Madame de Staël, quoted in Knight,
Beethoven
, 10.

20. Marek,
Beethoven
, 26.

21. Raynor,
Social History
, 299. He gives 50,000 thalers as the cost of an opera production, which is about 75,000 florins. Here and throughout I will convert most sums to florins, for comparison.