At Canaan's Edge (135 page)

“abhorrent to our nature”: Menand,
Metaphysical,
p. 115.

“the manly population descended”: Ibid.

“We cannot cry out against the Papists”: Jones,
Religious,
p. 167.

“certain that the salvation of one soul”: Clarke,
Wrestlin',
p. 27.

Agassiz had captured Boston: Menand,
Metaphysical,
pp. 97–101.

Craniologists Samuel Morton and Josiah Nott: Ibid., pp. 102–12; Gossett,
Race,
pp. 58–66.

An explosion of typologies: Gossett,
Race,
pp. 69–83.

“It is possible that Boas”: Ibid., pp. 418, 429–30; King,
Making,
p. 70.

first Naturalization Act of 1790: Lopez,
White,
pp. 1–3, 42–43.

Congress raised the stakes of whiteness: Ibid., pp. 46–47.

Syrians, Armenians, and Moroccans: Ibid., p. 67.

turned down a decorated Navy veteran:
In re Knight,
171 F. 299,300 (E.D.N.Y. 1909), cited in ibid., p. 59.

“cannot be supposed to have clothed His Divinity”:
In re Dow,
213 F. 355, at 364, cited in ibid., pp. 74–75.

“What is the white race?”: Ibid.

“the words ‘white person'”:
Ozawa v. United States,
260 U.S. 178, 197 (1922).

citizenship petition of Takao Ozawa: Lopez,
White,
pp. 79–86.

the Justices were plainly vexed: Ibid., pp. 70–72, 86–92.

racial term “Caucasian” appeared to rest: Gossett,
Race,
pp. 37–39.

“What we now hold”:
U.S. v. Thind,
261 U.S. 204 (1923), cited in Gossett,
Race,
pp. 86–92.

“For the Court, science fell from grace”: Gossett,
Race,
p. 94.

“American race”: King,
Making,
p. 131.

Immigration Restriction League: Ibid., p. 52.

Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor: Ibid., pp. 166–75; Gossett,
Race,
pp. 401–6.

eugenics, a term coined by Darwin's cousin: Gossett,
Race,
p. 155.

eugenics later became stigmatized by association with the Nazis: Ibid., pp. 427–29, 445. Two generations before Hitler, eugenics was popular in progressive American magazines and scholarly journals. Gossett (pp. 306–7) quotes an 1895 article in
Political Science Quarterly
by Columbia University professor John W. Burgess: “We must preserve our Aryan nationality in the state, and admit to its membership only such non-Aryan race-elements as shall have become Aryanized in spirit and in genius by contact with it, if we would build the superstructure of the ideal American commonwealth.”

“belonged to the political vocabulary”: King,
Making,
p. 168.

“There are certain parts of Europe”: Ibid., p. 75.

“You cannot have free institutions”: Ibid., pp. 153–55.

“a branch of the Mongolian race”:
Congressional Record,
Dec. 31, 1914, pp. 804–5.

4 National Origins Act: King,
Making,
pp. 199–228.

“sturdy stocks of the north of Europe”: Ibid., p. 51.

“National eugenics is the long-term cure”: Ibid., p. 185.

The
Chicago Tribune
pronounced: Gossett,
Race,
p. 407.

Ed “Strangler” Lewis to a draw: Int. George Murray, July 16, 1987; int. Douglas Carpenter (son), July 1, 1987. Biographical material also drawn from the Carpenter Papers collection at the Birmingham Public Library.

reduced the American school population: Felix X. Cohen, “Immigration and National Welfare,” a pamphlet of the League for Industrial Democracy, 1940, p. 4.

the McCarran-Walter Act renewed: King,
Making,
pp. 224, 238, 244–46.

The Old Midway Church property: Branch,
Parting,
p. 689.

“fanatics of the worst sort”: Myers,
Children,
Vol. 1, p. 23.

“openly professed the orthodox faith”: Ibid., Vol. 4, pp. 49–51. “And moreover, under the old Constitution of the United States, we never had a
Christian president,”
Rev. Jones wrote to his son on March 7, 1862. “General Washington was a communing member of the Episcopal Church; and while it is hoped and believed that he was a true Christian, yet the evidence is not so clear and satisfactory as we could wish. Our first President [Confederate Jefferson Davis] is accredited a
Christian man….
His proclamation is Christian throughout in language and spirit; and the close of his inaugural address, in prayer to God as the Head of a great nation in such a time as the present, melts into tenderness under a consciousness of weakness and imperfection, and yet rises into the sublimity of faith—the sublimity of an unshaken faith. Oh, for pious rulers and officers!”

his last public sermon: Myers,
Children,
Vol. 3, pp. 306–9; Clarke,
Wrestlin',
p. 172. “Our meeting of our new General Assemble, independent of the old, was fully, every presbytery in the Confederate States being represented,” Jones wrote his son on December 20, 1861. “By request of the assembly I delivered an address before that body, the Tuesday evening after it commenced its sessions, on the religious instruction of the Negroes—one of the rare opportunities granted me of doing good.”

first-named addressee: Branch,
Parting,
pp. 741–42.

Hayneville, an abbreviated trial: Summary in Mobile FBI report dated Oct. 7, 1965, FJMD-49, pp. 1–3.

“shocked and amazed”: Eagles,
Outside Agitator,
pp. 202–3.

“I was afraid”: Ibid., p. 215.

commenced trial all on the same day: Eagles,
Outside Agitator,
pp. 206–16.

holler down to the yard for witnesses: NYT, Oct. 1, 1965, pp. 1, 3; Robert E. Smith, “Coleman Tried Among Friends,” SC, Oct. 3–4, 1965, p. 1.

according to case historian Charles Eagles: Eagles,
Outside Agitator,
pp. 218–42.

keep a dove hunting date: Ibid., p. 244.

“lives by quite different concepts”: Eric Sevareid remarks,
CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite,
Sept. 30, 1965, transcript in JDC.

Columnist Max Friedman: Friedman, “Verdict in Hayneville Outrages Jonathan Daniels' Home Town,” undated, copy in JDC; Friedman, “Martin Luther King Could Share Bertrand Russell's Pitiable Fate,” LAT, Aug. 20, 1965, p. II-5.

“an obscene caricature of justice”: BN, Oct. 3, 1965.

“All across the land”: AC, Oct. 7, 1965, p. 4.

has “broken the heart of Dixie”: “Verdict in Hayneville,” WP, Oct. 4, 1965, p. 22.

In Natchez, Mississippi: SCLC Press Release, “In response to an invitation from Charles Evers,” Sept. 2, 1965, A/KS; Hoover memo for Tolson et al., 10:45
A.M
., Sept. 2, 1965, FCT-NR; NYT, Sept. 3, 1965, p. 1; NYT, Sept. 4, 1965, p. 22; MLK column re Natchez, “Special to the Amsterdam News,” Sept. 17, 1965, A/KP17f10; William H. Booth, president, Jamaica, NY, NAACP, to MLK, Sept. 23, 1965, A/KP17f10; Garrow,
Bearing,
p. 446.

“All Negro patients”: Junius Griffin, Ed Clayton, and Robert Green to MLK, “Re: On Site Visitation to Natchez, Mississippi,” Sept. 27, 1965, A/SC146f24.

long protest lines filed into downtown Natchez: Dittmer,
Local People,
pp. 357–58; Davis,
Race,
pp. 185–86;
Baltimore Evening Sun,
Oct. 4, 1965, p. 1.

transferred those above twelve years of age: Ibid.; Dorie Ladner and Charlie Horowitz, WATS report from Natchez, Oct. 4, 1965, Reel 16, SNCC; SC, Aug. 30–31, 1965, p. 2.

“Several people were unable”: Phil Lapansky and Charlie Horowitz, WATS report from Natchez, Oct. 5, 1965, Reel 16, SNCC.

“Crawfordville, Ga.”: NYT, Oct. 1, 1965, p. 1.

“Kill him!”:
Baltimore Evening Sun,
Oct. 4, 1965, p. 2.

protests with mixed success: MS, Oct. 22, 1965, p. 21.

back from the planning workshops in Chicago: “Dr. King ‘Marching' on Crawfordville,” CDD, Oct. 11, 1965, p. 3.

“The hardship of the rural South”: MLK speech at Crawfordville, Georgia, Oct. 11, 1965, A/KS; Garrow,
Bearing,
p. 450.

night rally on October 11: SC, Oct. 23–24, 1965, p. 4.

dismissal of Turner and five colleagues: NYT, July 7, 1965, p. 22.

Willie Bolden led two hundred:
Athens Daily News,
Oct. 13, 1965, p. 1;
Augusta Chronicle,
Oct. 13, 1965, p. 2.

graphic picture of Myers: NYT, Oct. 13, 1965, p. 1.

bushwhacking of Lieutenant Colonel Lemuel Penn: Branch,
Pillar,
pp. 398–99, 427–29.

eighty-one minutes to acquit: Ibid., pp. 477–78.

the Justice Department was trying to convince: Ibid., pp. 608–9; Rosen to DeLoach, March 30, 1968, FLP-399; “Interesting Case Memorandum,” Nov. 1, 1968, FLP-NR.

“I think a soldier in uniform”: Branch,
Pillar,
pp. 437–38. LBJ erred in suggesting that Penn was shot wearing his uniform. Lt. Col. Penn and his companions, having completed their two weeks of summer training at Fort Benning, were off-duty in civilian clothes. Their uniforms did hang in the back seat, but did not figure in the Supreme Court's March 28, 1966, decision to reinstate the federal indictment.

a federal judge lifted curfews: Dittmer,
Local People,
p. 358.

“Move Them Niggers North”: Davis,
Race,
p. 186.

“Never,” Mayor John Nosser announced: Ibid., p. 189.

Born in Lebanon: Dittmer,
Local People,
pp. 358–59.

lay off nearly half: Davis,
Race,
pp. 173, 185.

offering police escort at Negro funerals: Ibid., p. 172.

“We're armed”: Dittmer,
Local People,
p. 354.

Roy Wilkins had seethed: Ibid., pp. 177–78, 355; Davis,
Race,
pp. 183–84.

Chicago bootlegger and petty criminal: Ibid.; Berry,
Amazing Grace,
p. 17.

Wilkins publicized: “NAACP May Oust Evers As Aide in Mississippi,” NYT, Sept. 10, 1965, p. 22.

demanded that King withdraw Rev. Al Sampson: Archie Jones, acting president of the Natchez NAACP branch, to MLK, Oct. 19, 1965, A/SC4f12.

“Natchez Boycott Ends”: NYT, Dec. 4, 1965, p. 1.

Success made Charles Evers indispensable: Dittmer,
Local People,
pp. 356–62; Davis,
Race,
pp. 187–92.

destroyed the building next door: Davis,
Race,
p. 168; Dittmer,
Local People,
p. 353.

local sentries posted themselves: King,
Freedom Song,
p. 512.

staff members themselves stockpiled firearms: Annie Pearl Avery, “There Are No Cowards in My Family,” unpublished interview with Dorothy Zellner, 1997, courtesy of Judy Richardson.

Annie Pearl Avery: Ibid.; int. Scott B. Smith, April 12, 2003; Carmichael,
Ready,
p. 465.

Bill Ware: Carson,
Struggle,
pp. 192–95.

with Dennis Sweeney into a short-lived marriage: King,
Freedom Song,
pp. 510–16; Chafe,
Never,
pp. 450–53.

“There seem to be many parallels”: Casey Hayden and Mary King, “A Kind of Memo,” dated November 18, 1965, published as “Sex and Caste,” in
Liberation,
April 1966, pp. 35–36; King,
Freedom Song,
pp. 437–67; Curry et al.,
Deep,
pp. 371–72.

staff of fifteen dwindled away: Dittmer,
Local People,
p. 361.

three of them: Notes, staff meeting, Nov. 2, 1965, Reel 37, SNCC.

In the absence of Silas Norman: Int. Silas Norman, June 28, 2000.

Alabama SNCC staff gathered to confront: Notes, staff meeting, Nov. 2, 1965, Reel 37, SNCC.