Armed Humanitarians (50 page)

20
Ibid., pp. 237–38.

21
Noor Khan, “Helicopter Crashes in Southern Afghanistan After Coming Under Fire,” Associated Press, February 22, 2004.

5. Cash as a Weapon

1
“Secretary, Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Kuwait,” December 8, 2004, Department of Defense transcript, www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=1980.

2
Lieutenant Colonel Mark Martins, “The Commander's Emergency Response Program,”
Joint Forces Quarterly
, no. 37 (Second Quarter, 2005): 47.

3
Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, “Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience,” report, February 2009, www.sigir.mil/files/HardLessons/Hard_Lessons-Report.pdf, p. 79.

4
Martins, “Commander's Emergency Response Program,” p. 48.

5
Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, “Hard Lessons,” p. 87.

6
Ibid., p. vii.

7
“101st Airborne Division Commander Live Briefing from Iraq,” May 13, 2003, Department of Defense news briefing, www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2601.

8
Colonel Lloyd Sammons, interview by Larry Plotkin, see chapter 3, note 28.

9
Michael Knights, “Lessons from Mosul,”
PolicyWatch
, no. 950 (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy), January 27, 2005.

10
Sergeant First Class Doug Sample, “Task Force Commander Says Insurgents ‘Desperate, Isolated,' ” American Forces Press Service, March 9, 2004.

11
Daniel Gonzales, John Hollywood, et al.,
Networked Forces in Stability Operations: 101st Airborne Division, 3/2 and 1/25 Stryker Brigades in Northern Iraq
(Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 2007).

12
Colonel Lloyd Sammons, interview by Plotkin.

13
Gonzales, Hollywood, et al.,
Networked Forces in Stability Operations.

14
U.S. General Accounting Office, “Defense Transformation: Army's Evaluation of Stryker and M113A3 Infantry Carrier Vehicles Provided Sufficient Data for Statutorily Mandated Comparison,” publication GAO-03-671, May 2003, www.gao.gov/new.items/d03671.pdf.

15
“Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 45: Non-Governmental Organizations.”

16
Integrated Regional Information Network, Iraq: “NGO registration causes controversy,” January 13, 2004, www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=23334.

17
Ray LeMoine and Jeff Neumann,
Babylon by Bus
(New York: Penguin Press, 2006), p. 85.

18
Juliana Gittler, “14th Cavalry delivers backpacks to kids at remote Iraqi school,”
Stars & Stripes
, European edition, November 8, 2004.

Part II: History Lessons

6. The Phoenix Rises

1
William Arkin, “The Pentagon Unleashes a Holy Warrior,”
Los Angeles Times
, October 16, 2003.

2
U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Inspector General, “Alleged Improprieties Related to Public Speaking: Lieutenant General William G. Boykin, U.S. Army, Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence,” report prepared by the Directorate for Investigations of Senior Officials, August 5, 2004, www.dodig.mil/fo/Foia/ERR/h0/3189967206.pdf.

3
William Colby with James McCargar,
Lost Victory
(Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1989), pp. 330–33.

4
Ibid., p. 16.

5
John Nagl,
Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), p. ix.

6
Ibid.

7
Ibid., p. xiii.

8
David Petraeus, “The American Military and the Lessons of Vietnam: A Study of Military Influence and the Use of Force in the Post-Vietnam Era,” Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1987.

9
See Robert Komer,
The Malayan Emergency in Retrospect: Organization of a Successful Counterinsurgency Effort
(Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 1972).

10
Sylvia Ellis,
Britain, America and the Vietnam War
(Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2004), p. 2.

11
Sir Robert Thompson, “Squaring the Error,”
Foreign Policy
, April 1968.

12
Robert Thompson,
Peace Is Not at Hand
(New York: David McKay, 1974), p. 71.

13
Colby and McCargar,
Lost Victory
, p. 263.

14
Robert Komer,
Bureaucracy Does Its Thing: Institutional Constraints on U.S-GVN Performance in Vietnam
(Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 1972), pp. v–ix.

15
Thompson,
Peace Is Not at Hand
, p. 59.

16
Ibid., p. 35.

17
Colby and McCargar,
Lost Victory
, p. 91.

18
Komer,
Bureaucracy Does Its Thing
, p. 113.

19
Ibid., p. 115.

20
Ibid., p. xi.

21
Nguyen Van Thieu, letter to President Richard Nixon, March 20, 1973, The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3790.

22
Lewis Sorley,
Vietnam Chronicles: The Abrams Tapes, 1968–1972
(Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press, 2004), p. 354.

23
Ibid.

24
Marc Leepson, “The Heart and Mind of USAID's Vietnam Mission,”
Foreign Service Journal
, April 2000.

25
Eliot Cohen,
Citizens and Soldiers: The Dilemmas of Military Service
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), p. 107.

7. The Accidental Counterinsurgents

1
David Galula,
Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice
(Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International, 2006), p. 62.

2
Elaine Grossman, “To Understand Insurgency in Iraq: Read Something Old, Something New,”
Inside the Pentagon
, December 2, 2004.

3
Kris Hundley, “Strategic Control, by the Book,”
St. Petersburg Times
, October 4, 2005.

4
“More Than 80 Dead in Apparent Reprisals,” CNN.com, March 14, 2006, www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/03/14/iraq.main/index.html.

5
Dan Baum, “Battle Lessons: What the Generals Don't Know,”
New Yorker
, January 17, 2005.

6
Brigadier Nigel Aylwin-Foster, “Changing the Army for Counterinsurgency Operations,”
Military Review
, November–December 2005.

7
David Kilcullen, “Twenty-Eight Articles: Fundamentals of Company-Level Counterinsurgency,” March 2006, http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/coin/repository/28_Articles_of_COIN-Kilcullen%28Mar06%29.pdf.

8
Vince Crawley, “The Battle of 73 Easting,”
Stars & Stripes
, June 7, 2003 (Desert Storm commemorative edition), www.stripes.com/news/from-the-s-s-archives-the-battle-of-the-73-easting-1.6319.

9
“Secretary of Defense Robert Gates Testimony Before the House Armed Services Committee, April 15, 2008,” http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/FC041508/GatesTestimony041508.pdf.

Part III: Theory into Practice

8. Wingtips on the Ground

1
“DoD News Briefing—Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers,” June 30, 2003, Department of Defense transcript, www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2767.

2
House Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation,
Agency Stovepipes vs. Strategic Agility: Lessons We Need to Learn from Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Iraq and Afghanistan
, report, April 2008, www.armedservices.house.gov/Reports/PRT_Report.pdf.

3
Karen DeYoung, “Envoys Resist Forced Iraq Duty,”
Washington Post
, November 1, 2007.

4
See Noah Shachtman, “Diplos Cry in Their Milk over Iraq Assignments,” November 1, 2007, www.wired.com/dangerroom/2007/11/diplos-cry-in-t.

5
John Matel, “A Letter from Iraq to My Overwrought Colleagues,” Dipnote (the official blog of the State Department), November 7, 2007, http://blogs.state.gov/index.php/entries/iraq_colleagues.

6
David Kilcullen,
The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 119.

7
Kilcullen, “Twenty-eight Articles: Fundamentals of Company-Level Counterinsurgency.”

8
Joanna Jolly, “Army's Hand Seen in East Timor Border Ambush,”
Guardian
, October 11, 1999.

9
Tom Morton, “Perils of Peacekeeping,” ABC Radio National broadcast, October 29, 2006, transcript at www.abc.net.au/rn/backgroundbriefing/stories/2006/1772988.htm.

10
Combat camera footage, archived at www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jLEAJmAwjE.

11
Kilcullen,
Accidental Guerrilla
, pp. 120–22.

12
Eythan Sontag and Keith Mines, “First Response: Transformational Diplomacy in Darfur,”
State Magazine
, June 2007.

9. Kalashnikovs for Hire

1
Congressional Budget Office, “Contractors' Support of U.S. Operations in Iraq,” August 2008.

2
Justin Elliott, “How Many Private Contractors Are There in Afghanistan? Military Gives Us a Number,”
TPM Muckraker
, December 2, 2009, http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2009/12/so_how_many_private_contractors_are_there_in_afgha.php.

3
T. Christian Miller, “Iraq Convoy Got Go-Ahead Despite Threat,”
Los Angeles Times
, September 3, 2007.

4
Jane Loeffler,
The Architecture of Diplomacy: Building America's Embassies
(New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1998), p. 4.

5
Ibid., p. 8.

6
The Inman Report. The report is available at the Federation of American Scientists Web site: www.fas.org/irp/threat/inman/index.html.

7
“Statement of Ambassador Richard Griffin, Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, Department of State, before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, October 2, 2007,” www.reform.democrats.house.gov/documents/20071002145249.pdf.

8
U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Rebuilding Iraq: Actions Needed to Improve Use of Private Security Providers,” report no. GAO-05-737, July 2005, www.gao.gov/new.items/d05737.pdf.

9
Neil King, Jr., and Yochi Dreazen, “Amid Chaos in Iraq, Tiny Security Firm Found Opportunity,”
Wall Street Journal
, August 13, 2004.

10
“Statement of Ambassador Richard Griffin,” p. 3.

11
United States Department of State and Broadcasting Board of Governors Office of Inspector General, Middle East Regional Office, “Performance Audit of the Triple Canopy Contract for Personal Protective Services in Iraq,” report no. MERO-A-09-08, August 2009, http://oig.state.gov/documents/organization/135559.pdf.

12
Elizabeth Williamson, “How Much Embassy Is Too Much?”
Washington Post
, March 2, 2007.

13
Jane Loeffler, “Fortress America,”
Foreign Policy
, September–October 2007.

14
Andy Melville, interviewed by Martin Smith for “Private Warriors,”
Frontline
, PBS, broadcast June 23, 2005, interview transcript, www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/warriors/interviews/melville.html.

15
Robert Young Pelton,
Licensed to Kill: Hired Guns in the War on Terror
(New York: Crown, 2006), p. 37

16
Ibid., p. 40.

17
“Memorandum, October 1, 2007, to the Members of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, re: Additional Information about Blackwater USA,” staff memorandum, http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/20071001121609.pdf. The memorandum, compiled by the committee's Democratic staff, was based largely on internal Blackwater e-mail messages and State Department documents.

18
Report from the House Committee on the Judiciary accompanying H.R. 3380, amending title 18, United States Code, www.justice.gov/criminal/hrsp/docs/07-20-2000-meja-act.pdf.

19
John Broder, “Ex-Paratrooper Is Suspect in Blackwater Killing,”
New York Times
, October 4, 2007.

20
“Memorandum, October 1, 2007,” p. 11.

21
Patrick Kennedy, “Report of the Secretary of State's Panel on Personal Protective Services in Iraq,” October 2007.