April Queen (60 page)

  
4.
  
De Nugis Curialum
.

  
5.
  Walter Map,
De Nugis Curialium
, ed. F. Tupper and M.B. Ogle, London, Chatto & Windus, 1924, pp. 2–4.

  
6.
  L
etters of Arnulf of Lisieux
, ed. F. Barlow, Camden Society Third Series, 1939, No. 10, p. 14.

  
7.
  Tupper and Ogle,
Map
, pp. 71, 298, 302–3.

  
8.
  Richard, p. 113.

  
9.
  Ibid., p. 114.

10.
  Ibid., p. 113.

11.
  Tupper and Ogle,
Map
, p. 278.

12.
  Richard, p. 115.

13.
  The Occitan word
trobador
, pronounced ‘troubadour’, comes from the same root as modern French
trouver
, and means a person who invents or finds something.

14.
  Referring to the beloved by masculine pronouns was a troubadour device emphasising the vassalage of the lover. Similarly, medieval Arabic poets addressed their ladies as
sayiddi
, or ‘lord’ – P. Dronke,
Medieval Latin and the Rise of the European Love Lyric
, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1968, p. 16.

15.
  Richard, p. 115.

16.
  Ibid., p. 116.

17.
  Ibid.

18.
  Dom J. Vaissete,
Abrégé de l’histoire générale de Languedoc
(5 vols), Paris, 1799, vol. III, p. 87.

19.
  Kelly,
Eleanor
, p. 87.

20.
  Literally, ‘the monastery to the west’.

21.
  
Roman de Brut
.

22.
  The original meaning of ‘minstrel’ was simply ‘servant’ from Low Latin
ministerialis
.

23.
  J. Southworth,
Fools and Jesters at the English Court
, Thrupp, Sutton, 1998, pp. 35–47.

  
1.
  Modern usage still reflects the eleventh- and twelfth-century class divide, with Anglo-Saxon words such as ‘sheep’, ‘calf’, ‘cow’ and ‘swine’ for the animals herded by the native peasantry but French equivalents like ‘mutton’, ‘veal’, ‘beef’, ‘pork’ and ‘bacon’ for the meat that ended up on the tables of their Norman overlords.

  
2.
  A. Mortimer,
Angevin England
, Oxford, Blackwell, 1994, p. 215:
‘un faux français sai d’Angleterre’.

  
3.
  In Henry I’s charter founding Reading Priory, he declared having endowed it ‘for the salvation of my soul and that of King William my father and King William my brother and William my son and Queen Matilda my mother and Queen Matilda my wife’. His daughter was also called Matilda. Similarly, when Empress Matilda died in 1167, her epitaph at the abbey of Bec in Normandy mentioned that she was ‘daughter, wife and mother of Henry’.

  
4.
  Bartlett,
Norman and Angevin Kings
, p. 670.

  
5.
  Ibid., p. 212.

  
6.
  Ibid., p. 162.

  
7.
  Ramsay, Amt and Green, quoted in Bartlett,
Norman and Angevin Kings
, pp. 173–4.

  
8.
  Stubbs,
Gervase Opera Historica
, vol. I, p. 160.

  
9.
  
John of Salisbury Life of Becket
, ed. J.C. Robertson, Rolls Series No. 67, vol. II, p. 302.

10.
  If eight pence in the pound was his rate of interest, at 240
d
= £1 it must have been the monthly and not the annual rate, for borrowing was an expensive luxury at the time, to cover the high percentage of loans never repaid.

11.
  William fitz Stephen,
Life of Becket
, ed. J.C. Robertson, Rolls Series No. 67, vol. III, p. 17.

12.
  Ibid., p. 19.

13.
  Stubbs,
Gervase Opera Historica
, vol. I, p. 161.

14.
  Kelly,
Eleanor
, p. 97.

15.
  Howlett,
William of Newburgh Historia
, p. 103.

16.
  
Constitutio domus regis
, quoted in Bartlett,
Norman and Angevin Kings
, p. 131.

17.
  H. Hall,
Court Life under the Plantagenets
, London, Swan, Sonnenschein & Co., 1899, p. 244.

18.
  B. Hindle,
Medieval Roads
, Princes Risborough, 1989, p. 30.

19.
  Peter of Blois,
Epistolae
, in PL, vol. CCVII, p. 47.

20.
  William fitz Stephen,
Life of Becket
, vol. III, pp. 12, 22.

21.
  Richard, p. 121.

22.
  Now displayed in the British Museum.

23.
  J.C. Parsons,
Medieval Queenship
, Thrupp, Sutton, 1994, p. 71.

24.
  G Sivéry,
Blanche de Castille
, Paris, Fayard, 1990, p. 23.

25.
  Richard, p. 122.

26.
  Cirot de la Ville,
Histoire de l’Abbaye de la Sauve Majeure
, Paris and Bordeaux, 1844, p. 177.

27.
  
Ibid.

28.
  Ibid.

29.
  Labande,
Image véridique
, p. 201.

30.
  Richard, p. 122.

31.
  Ibid., p. 123.

32.
  The author of
Sermo Lupi ad Anglos
, who was credited with converting King Canute to Christianity.

33.
  
‘le nombre effrayant de princesses’
, in RHF, vol. XVI, p. 1.

34.
  William fitz Stephen,
Life of Becket
, p. 29.

35.
  Kelly,
Eleanor
, p. 107.

36.
  Richard, p. 124.

37.
  Howlett,
Robert of Torigni Chronicle
, p. 197.

38.
  Ibid., p. 198.

39.
  Richard, p. 127.

  
1.
  Kelly,
Eleanor
, p. 109.

  
2.
  Richard, p. 127.

  
3.
  Labande,
Image véridique
, p. 201.

  
4.
  Richard, p. 128. Also, Berengaria was a fairly common name in southern France and Spain; this was not the princess Richard was to marry on the Third Crusade and make her the most frustrated queen in England’s history.

  
5.
  William fitz Stephen,
Life of Becket
, pp. 53–4.

  
6.
  Richard, p. 129.

  
7.
  Howlett,
Robert of Torigni Chronicle
, p. 201.

  
8.
  Kelly,
Eleanor
, p. 110.

  
9.
  Meaning ‘snake’, it was a poetic name for a Viking longship.

10.
  Richard, p. 132.

11.
  Stubbs,
Gervase Opera Historica
, vol. I, pp. 167–8.

12.
  
Ralph of Diceto Opera Historica
, ed. W. Stubbs (2 vols), Rolls Series No. 68, vol. I, p. 303.

13.
  Roger of Howden,
Chronica
, ed. W. Stubbs (4 vols), Rolls Series No. 51, vol. I, p. 208.

14.
  Howlett,
William of Newburgh Historia
, vol. I, p. 159.

15.
  Labande,
Image véridique
, p. 202.

16.
  Kelly,
Eleanor
, p. 115.

17.
  Robertson,
John of Salisbury Life of Becket
, p. 305.

18.
  Herbert Bosham,
Life of Becket
, ed. J.C. Robertson, Rolls Series No. 67, vol. III, pp. 187–8.

19.
  Ibid., p. 185.

20.
  Kelly,
Eleanor
, p. 116.

21.
  Herbert Bosham,
Life of Becket
, ed. J.C. Robertson, Rolls Series No. 67, vol. III, p. 208.

22.
  Ibid., p. 250.

23.
  
Kelly,
Eleanor
, p. 114.

24.
  Stubbs,
Ralph of Diceto Opera Historica
, vol. 1, p. 329.

25.
  Stubbs,
Roger of Howden Chronica
, vol. I, p. 224.

26.
  William fitz Stephen,
Life of Becket
, p. 50.

27.
  Herbert Bosham,
Life of Becket
, ed. J.C. Robertson, Rolls Series No. 67, vol. III, p. 298.

28.
  Ibid.

29.
  
Edward Grim Life of Becket
, ed. J.C. Robertson, Rolls Series No. 67, vol. II, p. 395.

30.
  Howlett,
Robert of Torigni Chronicle
, p. 333.

31.
  Herbert Bosham,
Life of Becket
, ed. J.C. Robertson, Rolls Series No. 67, vol. III, p. 233.

32.
  Howlett,
William of Newburgh Historia
, vol. I, p. 142.

33.
  
Chronicle of Melrose
, ed. A.O. and M. Anderson, London, Perry Lund Humphries & Co., 1936, p. 79.

34.
  Warner,
Giraldus De Principiis
, p. 165.

35.
  
Ralph Niger Chronica
, ed. R. Anstruther, Caxton Society 1851, p. 168.

36.
  Benedict of Peterborough,
Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi
, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series No. 49, vol. II, p. 231.

37.
  
Ranulf Higden Polychronicon
, ed. J.R. Lumby, Rolls Series No. 41, vol. VIII, p. 54.

  
1.
  Richard, p. 140.

  
2.
  R.W. Eyton,
Court, Household and Itinerary of Henry II
, London, 1878, p. 112.

  
3.
  William of Malmesbury,
De Regum Gestis Anglorum
, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series No. 90, vol. 2, p. 494.

  
4.
  M.W. Labarge,
Women in Medieval Life
, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1986, p. 25.

  
5.
  Bartlett,
Norman and Angevin Kings
, p. 6.

  
6.
  Warner,
Giraldus De Principiis
, p. 157.

  
7.
  Richard, p. 147.

  
8.
  Stubbs,
Ralph of Diceto Opera Historica
, vol. 1, p. 303.

  
9.
  Hyland,
Horse in the Middle Ages
, p. 99.

10.
  Benedict of Peterborough,
Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi
, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series No. 49, vol. 1, p. 226.

11.
  Hyland,
Horse in the Middle Ages
, p. 100.

12.
  Stubbs,
Gervase Opera Historica
, vol. I, p. 226.

13.
  Howlett,
William of Newburgh Historia
, vol. 1, p. 234.

14.
  Stevenson,
Ralph of Coggeshall
, p. 97.

15.
  In Latin,
causa conjugii ab amore non est excusatio recta
.

  
1.
  W. Urry,
Thomas Becket: His Last Days
, Thrupp, Sutton, 1999, p. 116.

  
2.
  Ibid., p. 18.

  
3.
  RHF, vol. XIII, pp. 131–2.

  
4.
  Richard, p. 150.

  
5.
  Ibid.

  
6.
  Ibid., p. 151:
comes pictavensorum et dux aquitannorum
.

  
7.
  Ibid.

  
8.
  Stubbs,
Roger of Howden Chronica
, vol. II, p. 34.

  
9.
  Richard, p. 154.

10.
  Ibid., p. 163.

11.
  Ibid., p. 155.

12.
  RHF, vol. XIII, p. 143.

13.
  Bartlett,
Norman and Angevin Kings
, p. 257.

14.
  Urry,
Becket
, p. 116.

15.
  Ibid.

16.
  Ibid., pp. 48–9.

17.
  Ranulf de Broc travelled with them, but was not present at the murder.

18.
  J. Attali,
Les Juifs, le Monde et l’Argent
, Paris, Fayard, 2002, p. 197.

19.
  RHF, vol. XIII, p. 148.

20.
  Richard, p. 164.

21.
  Ibid., p. 165.

22.
  Ibid., p. 161.

23.
  Stubbs,
Ralph of Diceto Opera Historica
, vol. I, p. 371.

24.
  Richard, p. 166.

25.
  Stubbs,
Roger of Howden Chronica
, vol. II, pp. 40–6.

26.
  Howlett,
William of Newburgh Historia
, vol. I, p. 170.