American Rebel (46 page)

*
The six men were Franklin Sousley, Harlon Block, Michael Strank, John Bradley, Ira Hayes, and Rene Gagnon. The three who survived the battle were Bradley, Hayes, and Gagnon.

*
A few other films had tried to show both sides, without much success. The biggest was Richard Fleischer and Kinji Fukasaku’s
Tora! Tora! Tora!
(1970), about the attack on Pearl Harbor. The film, which had two directors, did not succeed at the box office and discouraged further attempts to show World War II from more than one point of view. No American film before
Letters from Iwo Jima
was ever made that showed any war issue completely and solely from the other side.

*
Clint was no stranger to public battles with other filmmakers. In 2005 he publicly vowed he’d kill Michael Moore if the documentarian ever showed up at his house, the way he had at Charlton Heston’s in
Bowling for Columbine
.

*
Flags of Our Fathers
received two nominations, for Sound Editing (Alan Robert Murray and Bub Asman) and Sound Mixing (John T. Reitz, David E. Campbell, Gregg Rudloff, Walt Martin). It lost the first to
Letters from Iwo Jima
and the second to
Dream-girls
(Michael Minkler, Bob Beemer, Willie D. Burton).

*
A “changeling” is a being in West European folklore and folk religion, the offspring of a fairy, a troll, an elf, or other legendary creature, that has been secretly left in the place of a human child.

*
Age had taken its toll on Clint as well. His six-foot-four frame had “shrunk” to six foot one due to chronic back problems.

*
“Clint Eastwood, who has played strong, silent types on-screen for more than 50 years, is done with acting. Eastwood, 78, says he has no plans to step in front of the camera after
Gran Torino
, which he directed, and starred in … ‘That will probably do it for me as far as acting is concerned,’ the Academy Award–winning director told Britain’s
Sunday Express
. ‘But I’ve got no plans to stop making films.’”—Cathy Burke, various newswires, December 15, 2008.

†
In an interview in the
New York Times
to promote
Gran Torino
, Bruce Headlam asked Clint about the persistent Internet and wire service stories that this was to be his last acting assignment. Clint’s reply: “Somebody asked what I’d do next, and I said I didn’t know how many roles there are for 78-year-old guys. There’s nothing wrong with coming in to play the butler. But unless there’s a hurdle to get over, I’d rather just stay behind the camera.”
New York Times
, December 14, 2008.

*
Best Director nominees were Daldry, Fincher, Boyle, Howard, and Van Sant. Best Actor nominees were Brad Pitt
(The Curious Case of Benjamin Button)
, Richard Jenkins (Tom McCarthy’s
The Visitor)
, Sean Penn
(Milk)
, Frank Langella
(Frost/Nixon)
, and Mickey Rourke (Darren Aronofsky’s
The Wrestler)
.

         Research Institutions

Margaret Herrick Library of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Beverly Hills, California

New York Public Library, New York City

New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, New York City

Los Angeles County Court, public records, Los Angeles

British Film Institute

Cinémathèque, Paris, France

Library of the
Los Angeles Times
(librarian Scott Wilson)

              Bibliography

Albert, James.
Pay Dirt: Divorces of the Rich and Famous
. California: Diane Publishing, 1989.

Bach, Steven.
Final Cut: Dreams and Disaster in the Making of Heaven’s Gate
. New York: William Morrow, 1985.

Bingham, Dennis.
Acting Male: Masculinities in the Films of James Stewart, Jack Nicholson and Clint Eastwood
. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1994.

Biskind, Peter.
Easy Riders, Raging Bulls
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998.

Bragg, Melvyn.
Richard Burton: A Life
. Boston: Little, Brown, 1988.

Clinch, Minty.
Clint Eastwood
. London: Coronet Books, 1995.

Duncan, Paul, ed.
Movie Icons: Clint Eastwood
. Los Angeles: Taschen, 2006.

Eliot, Marc.
Burt!
New York: Dell, 1983.

Engel, Leonard, ed.
Clint Eastwood: Actor and Director
. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2007.

Frayling, Christopher.
Clint Eastwood
. London: Virgin, 1992.

Haskell, Molly.
Holding My Own in No Man’s Land
. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Kaminsky, Stuart M.
Clint Eastwood
. New York: New American Library, 1974.

Kapsis, Robert E., and Kathie Coblentz, eds.
Clint Eastwood Interviews
. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1999.

Kinn, Gail, and Jim Piazza.
The Academy Awards
. New York: Black Dog and Leventhal, 2002.

Knapp, Laurence F.
Directed by Clint Eastwood
. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1996.

Locke, Sondra.
The Good, The Bad & The Very Ugly
. New York: William Morrow, 1997.

McGilligan, Patrick.
Clint: The Life and Legend
. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.

Nichols, Peter M., ed.
The New York Times Guide to the 1,000 Best Movies Ever Made
. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004.

Randall, Stephen, ed., and the editors of
Playboy
magazine.
The Playboy Interviews: The Directors
. Milwaukee, Ore.: M Press, 2006.

Reynolds, Burt.
My Life
. New York: Hyperion, 1994.

Richards, David.
Played Out: The Jean Seberg Story
. New York: Random House, 1981.

Rickles, Don.
Rickles’ Book
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.

Rose, Frank.
The Agency: William Morris and the Hidden History of Show Business
. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.

Sarris, Andrew.
The American Cinema
. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1968.

___, Confessions of a Cultist: On the Cinema, 1955–1969
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970.

Schickel, Richard.
Clint Eastwood: A Biography
. New York: Random House, 1996.

Siegel, Don.
A Siegel Film: An Autobiography
. London: Faber and Faber, 1993.

Thompson, Douglas.
Clint Eastwood: Billion Dollar Man
. London: John Blake, 2005.

Verlhac, Pierre-Henri, ed.
Clint Eastwood: A Life in Pictures
. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2008.

Wallach, Eli.
The Good, the Bad, and Me
. New York: Harcourt, 2005.

Wiley, Mason, and Damien Bona.
Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards
. New York: Ballantine Books, 1986.

Zmijewsky, Boris, and Lee Pfeiffer.
The Films of Clint Eastwood
. New York: Citadel Press, 1993.