American Experiment (434 page)

[“
Popcorn and seaweed
”]: Belfrage, p. 240.

[“
Woesome time
”]: quoted in Raines, p. 252.

[“
I question America
”]: “The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer,” Pacifica radio program (Pacifica Radio Archive, Los Angeles).

381-2
[“
Come all this way
”]: quoted in Forman, p. 395.

382
[
1964 election
]: White,
passim;
John Bartlow Martin, “Election of 1964,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-1968
(Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 4, pp. 3565-94;
ibid.,
p. 3702; Eric Goldman,
The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson
(Knopf, 1969), chs. 8-10; Evans and Novak, chs. 20-21; Robert D. Novak,
The Agony of the G.O.P., 1964
(Macmillan, 1965); John H. Kessel,
The Goldwater Coalition: Republican Strategies in 1964
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1968); Richard H. Rovere,
The Goldwater Caper
(Harcourt, 1965); Samuel A. Kirkpatrick, “Issue Orientation and Voter Choice in 1964,”
Social Science Quarterly,
vol. 49, no. 1 (June 1968), pp. 87-102.

[
Southern black voting, 1964
]: James C. Harvey,
Black Civil Rights During the Johnson Administration
(University and College Press of Mississippi, 1973), p. 27 (Table 1).

[
Selma and Voting Rights Act
]: David J. Garrow,
Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of 1961
(Yale University Press, 1978); Charles E. Fager,
Selma 1965: The March That Changed the South
(Scribner, 1974); Garrow,
Bearing,
ch. 7; Sundquist, pp. 271-75; Raines, book 1, ch. 4, part 2; Wofford, ch. 6; Lawson, pp. 307-22; Carson, pp. 157-62; Mary King, pp. 216-28; Oates, pp. 325-65
passim,
369-72.

383
[“
Put on their walking shoes
”]: quoted in Garrow,
Bearing,
p. 403.

[“
Turning point
”]: “The American Promise,” March 15, 1965, in
Johnson Public Papers,
vol. 2, part 1, pp. 281-87, quoted at p. 281.

[“
Mudcaked pilgrims
”]: Fager, p. 158.

384
[“How
long?
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 162.

[
Murder of Viola Luizzo
]:
ibid.,
pp. 163-64; Garrow,
Protest,
pp. 117-18; Wade, pp. 347-54.

[“
They came in darkness
”]: August 6, 1965, in
Johnson Public Papers,
vol. 2, part 2, pp. 840-43, quoted at p. 840.

[
Conflict within SNCC
]: Carson, part 2
passim;
Forman, chs. 62-63; Mary King, chs. 12-13
passim.

385
[
Black migration, 1960-70
]: Thomas L. Blair,
Retreat from the Ghetto: The End of a Dream?
(Hill and Wang, 1977), p. 228; see also John D. Reid, “Black Urbanization of the South,”
Phylon,
vol. 35, no. 3 (Fall 1974), pp. 259-67; Hollis R. Lynch, ed.,
The Black Urban Condition: A Documentary History, 1866-1971
(Crowell, 1973), pp. 439-40 (Appendix D).

[
Black proportion of urban populations by 1960]:
Kenneth B. Clark,
Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power
(Harper, 1965), pp. 24 (Tables 2 and 2A), p. 25 (Table 3). [
Cost of being black and of discrimination
]: Paul M. Siegel, “On the Cost of Being a Negro,” in John F. Kain, ed.,
Race and Poverty: The Economics of Discrimination
(Prentice-Hall, 1969), pp. 60-67, quoted at p. 67; and Council of Economic Advisers, “The Economic Cost of Discrimination” (1965), in
ibid.,
pp. 58-59.

[
Clark
’
s Harlem
]: Clark, quoted on his family’s movements at p. xv; see also U.S. Commission on Civil Rights,
A Time to Listen … A Time to Act: Voices from the Ghettoes of the Nation
’
s Cities
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967); Paul Jacobs,
Prelude to Riot: A View of Urban America from the Bottom
(Random House, 1967); Daniel R. Fusfeld and Timothy Bates,
The Political Economy of the Urban Ghetto
(Southern Illinois University Press, 1984); Robert Coles, “Like It Is in the Alley,” in David R. Goldfield and James B. Lane, eds.,
The Enduring Ghetto
(Lippincott, 1973), pp. 104-15; James Baldwin, “Fifth Avenue Uptown,” in
ibid.,
pp. 116-24.

385
[“
Anguished Cry
”]: Clark, p. xx.

[
Street talk
]: quoted in
ibid.,
pp. 6, 16, 1, 4, respectively.

385-6
[
Malcolm X and the Black Muslims
]: Malcolm X and Alex Haley,
The Autobiography of Malcolm X
(Grove Press, 1965); George Breitman, ed.,
Malcolm X Speaks
(Grove Press, 1965); Eugene V. Wolfenstein,
The Victims of Democracy: Malcolm X and the Black Revolution
(University of California Press, 1981); Louis E. Lomax,
When the Word Is Given …
(Greenwood Press, 1963); Peter Goldman,
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
(Harper, 1973); C. Eric Lincoln,
The Black Muslims in America,
rev. ed. (Beacon Press, 1973); Blair, ch. 2; Oates, pp. 251-53; Hank Flick, “Malcolm X: The Destroyer and Creator of Myths,”
Journal of Black Studies,
vol. 12, no. 2 (December 1981), pp. 166-81; Peter Schrag, “The New Black Myths,”
Harper
’
s
, vol. 238, no. 1428 (May 1969), pp. 37-42; Lawrence L. Tyler, “The Protestant Ethic Among the Black Muslims,”
Phylon,
vol. 27, no. 1 (Spring 1966), pp. 5-14; Raymond Rodgers and Jimmie N. Rodgers, “The Evolution of the Attitude of Malcolm X toward Whites,”
ibid.,
vol. 44, no. 1 (Spring 1983), pp. 108-15; Peter Goldman, “Malcolm X,” in John A. Garraty, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American Biography
(Harper, 1974), pp. 723-24; Clifton E. Marsh,
From Black Muslims to Muslims: The Transition from Separatism to Islam, 1930-1980
(Scarecrow Press, 1984); Elijah Muhammad,
Message to the Black Man in America
(Muhammad Mosque of Islam No. 2, 1965).

386
[
From
“
civil rights
”
to
“
human rights
”]: “The Ballot or the Bullet,” April 3, 1964, in
Malcolm X Speaks,
pp. 23-44, quoted at p. 34.

[“
By ballots or by bullets
”]: “With Mrs. Fannie Lou Hamer,” December 20, 1964, in
Malcolm X Speaks,
p. 111;see also “Ballot or Bullet” in
ibid.

[“By any means necessary”]: see Wollenstein, pp. 8-9, 324-25; Goldman in Garraty, p. 724.

[
Carmichael
]: Carson, pp. 162-63; Donald J. McCormack, “Stokely Carmichael and Pan-Africanism: Back to Black Power,,”
Journal of Politics,
vol. 35, no. 2 (May 1973), pp. 386-409; “Stokely Carmichael,” in Charles Moritz, ed.,
Current Biography Yearbook 1970
(H. W. Wilson Co., 1971), pp. 66-69.

[
Lowndes County Freedom Organization
]: Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton,
Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America
(Vintage, 1967), ch. 5; Carson, pp. 162-66; Walton, ch. 4; “Lowndes County Freedom Organization Voting Pamphlet,” in Paul Jacobs and Saul Landau,
The New Radicals
(Random House, 1966), pp. 143-44.

[“
Comes out fighting
”]: John Hulett, quoted in Carson, p. 166.

[
SNCC May 1966 meeting
]:
ibid.,
pp. 191-206; Forman, ch. 54.

[
Meredith march
]: Garrow,
Bearing,
pp. 473-89; Oates, pp. 395-405; Martin Luther King, Jr.,
Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community?
(Harper, 1967), pp. 23-32; Carson, pp. 207-11; Paul Good, “The Meredith March,”
New South,
vol. 21, no. 3 (Summer 1966), pp. 2-16; Steven F. Lawson,
In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, 1965-1982
(Columbia University Press, 1985), pp. 49-63.

[“
Highlight the need
”]: quoted in Lawson,
In Pursuit,
p. 52.

[“
Ain
’
t going to jail no more
”]: quoted in Oates, p. 400.

[
King-Carmichael exchange
]:
Where Do We Go,
pp. 30-32, quoted at pp. 30-31.

[
Assassination of Malcolm X
]: Alex Haley, “Epilogue,” in Malcolm X and Haley, pp. 422-52; Marsh, p. 89.

[
Black Power and divisions within movement
]: Carson, chs. 14-15; Forman, chs. 47, 55; Blair, ch. 3; Carmichael and Hamilton, esp. ch. 2; Garrow,
Bearing,
ch. 9
passim;
Walton, pp. 114-28; King,
Where Do We Go,
ch. 2 and
passim;
Meier and Rudwick,
CORE,
ch. 12 and Epilogue; Rhoda L. Blumberg,
Civil Rights: The 1960s Freedom Struggle
(Twayne, 1984), ch. 8; Julius Lester,
Look Out, Whitey! Black Power
’
s Gon
’
Get Your Mama
! (Dial, 1968); Charles V. Hamilton, “An Advocate of Black Power Defines It,” in August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, eds.,
Black Protest in the Sixties
(Quadrangle, 1970), pp. 154-68; Ansbro, pp. 211-24; Bruce Miroff, “Presidential Leverage over Social Movements: The Johnson White House and Civil Rights,”
Journal of Politics,
vol. 43, no. 1 (February 1981), pp. 2-23; Joel D. Aberbach and Jack L. Walker, “The Meanings of Black Power: A Comparison of White and Black Interpretations of a Political Slogan,”
American Political Science Review,
vol. 64, no. 2 (June 1970), pp. 367-88; Irwin Klibaner, “The Travail of Southern Radicals: The Southern Conference Educational Fund, 1946-1976,”
Journal of Southern History,
vol. 49, no. 2 (May 1983), pp. 195-201; Chafe, ch. 7; Bayard Rustin, “‘Black Power’ and Coalition Politics,”
Commentary,
vol. 42, no. 3 (September 1966), pp. 35-40; David Danzig, “In Defense of Black Power, ”
ibid.,
pp. 41-46.

388
[
King
’
s shift leftward
]: see Oates, pp. 365-68, 418-26, 431-43; Lewis, ch. 10
passim;
see also Ansbro, ch. 7; King,
Where Do We Go.

[“
Reconstruction of the entire society
”]: quoted in Oates, p. 442.

[
CORE approval and NAACP rejection of Black Power
]: Meier and Rudwick,
CORE,
p. 414;
New York Times,
July 5, 1966, pp. 1, 22;
ibid.,
July 6, 1966, pp. 1, 14;
ibid.,
July 10, 1966, p. 53.

389
[
Medicare
]: Theodore R. Marmor,
The Politics of Medicare
(Aldine, 1973), esp. ch. 4; Eric F. Goldman,
The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson
(Knopf, 1969), pp. 284-96; Lyndon B. Johnson,
The Vantage Point: Perspectives on the Presidency, 1963-1969
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971), pp. 212-20.

[
Omnibus Housing bill and creation of HUD
]: John Nicholson et al., eds.,
Housing a Nation
(Congressional Quarterly Service, 1966), pp. 60-86; Robert Taggart III,
Low-Income Housing: A Critique of Federal Aid
(Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), ch. 5; John B. Willmann,
The Department of Housing and Urban Development
(Praeger, 1967), ch. 2. [
National Foundation for the Arts and the Humanities
]: Stephen Miller,
Excellence and Equity: The National Endowment for the Humanities
(University Press of Kentucky, 1984), ch. 1; Michael M. Mooney,
The Ministry of Culture
(Wyndham Books, 1980), pp. 46-49.

[
Water Quality bill and 1965 Clean Air Act
]: Clarence Davies III,
The Politics of Pollution
(Pegasus, 1970), pp. 38-44, 49-54; Charles O. Jones,
Clean Air: The Policies and Politics of Pollution Control
(University of Pittsburgh Press, 1975), pp. 62-66; Rachel Carson,
Silent Spring
(Houghton Mifflin, 1962); Frank Graham, Jr.,
Since Silent Spring
(Houghton Mifflin, 1970), esp. part 1.

[
School aid program
]: Hugh Davis Graham,
The Uncertain Triumph: Federal Education Policy in the Kennedy and Johnson Years
(University of North Carolina Press, 1984), ch.
3 passim;
Vaughn D. Bornet,
The Presidency of Lyndon B Johnson
(University Press of Kansas, 1983), pp. 222-24; Goldman, pp. 296-308; Johnson, pp. 206-12;
New York Times,
April 12, 1965, pp. 1, 22.

390
[
Great Society and LBJ
’
s presidential style generally
]: see Doris Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream
(Harper, 1976), chs. 7-8; Rowland Evans and Robert Novak,
Lyndon B. Johnson, The Exercise of Power
(New American Library, 1966), chs. 17, 19, 22; Bornet, chs. 1-2, 10; Harry McPherson,
A Political Education
(Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1972), pp. 248-333
passim;
Goldman, esp. chs. 2, 4-5, 12, and pp. 164-67; Jack Valenti,
A Very Human President
(Norton, 1975); Hugh Sidey,
A Very Personal Presidency: Lyndon Johnson in the White House
(Atheneum, 1968); Frank Cormier,
LBJ: The Way He Was
(Doubleday, 1977); David Halberstam,
The Best and the Brightest
(Random House, 1972), esp. ch. 20.

[
Peace Corps
]: Gerald T. Rice,
The Bold Experiment: JFK
’
s Peace Corps
(University of Notre Dame Press, 1985); Robert G. Carey,
The Peace Corps
(Praeger, 1970); David Hapgood and Meridan Bennett,
Agents of Change: A Close Look at the Peace Corps
(Little, Brown, 1968); Marshall Windmiller,
The Peace Corps and Pax Americana
(Public Affairs Press, 1970).

[
U.S. personnel in Vietnam at Kennedy
’
s death
]: Johnson, p. 42.

390-1
[
American deaths in Vietnam, 1963
]: George McT. Kahin and John W. Lewis,
The United States in Vietnam
(Dial, 1967), p. 188 (Table 4).

People of This Generation

391
[
Scientists and the bomb
]: Paul Boyer,
By the Bomb
’
s Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age
(Pantheon, 1985), part 3; Morton Grodzins and Eugene Rabinowitch, eds.,
The Atomic Age: Scientists in World and National Affairs
(Basic Books, 1963); Alice Kimball Smith,
A Peril and a Hope: The Scientists
’
Movement in America, 1945-47
(University of Chicago Press, 1965); Joseph Rotblat,
Scientists, the Arms Race and Disarmament
(Taylor & Francis, 1982); Linus Pauling,
No More War!
(Dodd, Mead, 1958); Lawrence S. Winner,
Rebels Against War: The American Peace Movement, 1933-1983
(Temple University Press, 1984), pp. 143-50, 165-69, 175-78, 188-90, 199-201.