American Experiment (251 page)

[Jungle of laissez-faire]:
Bray Hammond,
Banks and Politics in America
(Princeton University Press, 1957), p. 675.

[Party and intra-party divisions on finance]:
Robert P. Sharkey, “Money, Class and Party: An Economic Study of Civil War and Reconstruction,”
Johns Hopkins University Studies
i
n Historical and Political Science
(Johns Hopkins Press, 1959), pp. 279–84.

19
[
Women’s labor]:
McPherson, p. 376; see also, Cindy Aron, “ ‘To Barter Their Souls forGold’: Female Clerks in Federal Government Offices, 1862–1890,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 67, no. 4 (March 1981), pp. 835–53.

[Women’s wages]:
Sharkey, “Money, Class and Party,” p. 181; and see Emerson David Fite,
Social and Industrial Conditions in the North during the Civil War
(Frederick Ungar, 1963), p. 184.

[Labor union response to war]:
quoted in T. V. Powderly,
Thirty Years of Labor: 1859 to 1889
(Excelsior, 1890), p. 35.

[Myth of economic impact of Civil War]:
Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard,
The Rise of American Civilization
(Macmillan, 1927–42), vol. 2, pp. 53, 54.

20
[War and financiers]:
Sharkey, “Money, Class and Party,” p. 295.

[Economic impact of war]:
Gilchrist and Lewis; Ralph Andreano, ed.,
The Economic Impact of the American Civil War
(Schenkman, 1967).

21
[Soldiers’ low spirits]:
John N. Moulton to his homefolk, February 1, 1863, quoted in Bell Irvin Wiley,
The Life of Billy Yank
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1951), p. 279.
[Moulton’s tiredness]:
Moulton to his homefolk, March 16, 19, 1863, quoted in
ibid
., p.280.

[Enthusiasm and disappointment]:
Levi Ross to his father, February 3, 1863, quoted in
ibid.

[Soldiers sick of battle]:
M. N. Collins to C. H. Bell, December 22, 1862, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 279.

[
Soldiers’ fear
]:John N. Moulton to his homefolk, February 1, 1863,quoted in
ibid.,
p. 279.

[“Fantom of hope”]:
M. P. Larry to his sister, December 23, 1862, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 280.

[Incompetent leadership]:
Edward L. Edes to “Charlotte,” December 28, 1862, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 279.

21–22
[Soldiers on slaves and emancipation]: ibid.,
p. 281.

22
[Participation of blacks]:
Benjamin Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War
(Russell & Russell, 1968), quoted at p. 199; Dudley Taylor Cornish,
The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865
(W. W. Norton, 1966); Ira Berlin, ed.,
Freedom, A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867: The Black Military Experience
(Cambridge University Press, 1982).

[“Heartily sick of war”]:
Edward L. Edes to “Charlotte,” December 28, 1862, quoted in Wiley, p. 279.

22
[Desire for compromise]:
Levi Ross to his father, February 3, 1863, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 280.

[Peace and soldiers’ defeatism]:
Crittenden to his wife, February 20, 1863, quoted in Bell Irvin Wiley,
The Life of Johnny Reb
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1943), p. 131.

[Confederacy “done whiped”]:
John R. Hopper to his brother, September 9, 1863, quoted in
ibid.

[Going home]:
William R. Stillwell to his wife, August 13, 1863, quoted in
ibid.

22–3
[Methods of encouraging reenlistment]: ibid.,
pp. 132–33.

23
[Daily routine]:
John Beatty,
Memoirs of a Volunteer
(W. W. Norton, 1946), p. 40.

[Soldiers’ rations and supplements]:
Nevins,
The War for the Union, op. cit.,
vol. 2, p. 479; and see Commager,
op. cit.,
vol. 1, p. 293; Wiley,
Reb,
pp. 90–107.

23–4
[Improvisation and the influence of army life]:
Wiley,
Yank,
chs. 2, 12; Catton,
Stillness at Appomattox, op. cit.,
pp. 219–25, 241–43; F. H. Mason,
The Forty-Second Ohio Infantry
(Cobb, Andrews, 1876), pp. 78–79.

24
[Organization and the war]:
Nevins, vol. 1, p. v, and vol. 3, chs. 7–8; Jacob D. Cox,
Military Reminiscences of the Civil War
(Scribner’s, 1900), vol. 1, pp. 169–79.

24–5
[The field of battle]:
Leander Stillwell,
The Story of a Common Soldier, 1861–1865
(Franklin Hudson, 1920), p. 44; and see Commager, vol. 2, p. 603; Wiley,
Yank,
ch. 3.

25
[Fondness for war]:
quoted in Nevins, vol. 2, p. 347 footnote.

[“Nobody sees a battle”]:
quoted in Wiley,
Yank,
p. 77.

[Loading muskets]:
McPherson,
op. cit.,
p. 196.

[Disposition of dead after battle]:
quoted in T. Harry Williams,
History of American Wars, op.
c
it.,
p. 257.

26
[Medical treatment for wounded]:
McPherson, p. 384.

[Sanitary conditions and disease]: ibid.,
p. 383; Wiley,
Yank,
p. 125.

26–7
[Sanitary Commission]:
Nevins, vol. 1, pp. 283–85, 416, and vol. 3, pp. 317–19; George M. Fredrickson,
The Inner Civil War
(Harper & Row, 1965), ch. 7;
United States Sanitary Commission Documents,
2 vols. (1866).

27
[Patent Office into hospital]:
Eliza Woolsey Howland, “The Top of the Patent Office Became a Hospital,” in Sylvia G. L. Dannett, ed.,
Noble Women of the North
(ThomasYoseloff, 1959), pp. 81–83, quoted on soldier at p. 83.

[Prison conditions]:
William B. Hesseltine,
Civil War Prisons
(Frederick Ungar, 1930); and see Commager, vol. 2, pp. 685–707.

28
[“Battle Hymn”in Libby Prison]:
Laura E. Richards and Maud Howe Elliot
, Julia Ward Howe
(Houghton Mifflin, 1915), vol. 1, pp. 188–89.

28–9
[The threat to Washington and the Shenandoah Valley campaign]:
Catton,
Stillness at Appomattox, op. cit.,
pp. 255–75, 279–88, 295–317; McPherson,
op. cit.,
p. 429.

29
[Atlanta campaign]:
Samuel Carter III,
The Siege of Atlanta, 1864
(St. Martin’s Press, 1973); B. H. Liddell Hart,
Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American
(Dodd, Mead, 1930), pp. 231–307.

[“Atlanta is ours”]:
quoted in Carter, p. 318.

[The view from Richmond]:
see Morris,
op. cit.,
p. 290.

30
[“Loathsome wounds”]:
Woodward,
op. cit.,
p. 641.

[“I am First Texas”]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 637.

[Wounded soldiers in Washington, D.C.]:
Leech,
op. cit.,
pp. 325–26.

[Louisa May Alcott in Washington, DC.]: ibid.,
pp. 222–24.

[“Getting worse, worse, worse”]:
letter of April 5, 1864, in Whitman,
The Correspondence,
Edwin Haviland Miller, ed. (New York University Press, 1961–69), vol. 1, p. 208.

[Lincoln on cooperation with successor]:
quoted in Stephen B. Oates,
With Malice Toward None
(Harper & Row, 1977), p. 395.

31
[Lincoln as politician]:
David Donald,
Lincoln Reconsidered
(Vintage Books, 1961), pp.57–81, 103–27; Don C. Seitz,
Lincoln: The Politician
(Coward-McCann, 1931).

[1862 cabinet crisis]:
Burlon J. Hendrick,
Lincoln’s War Cabinet
(Little, Brown, 1946), Book 5, ch. 1; James MacGregor Burns,
The Vineyard of Liberty
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), pp. 626–27, Lincoln on “pumpkins” quoted at p. 627.

31
[Pressure for Seward’s resignation]:
James W. White to William Butler, January 12, 1863, Chicago Historical Society.

[Lincoln’s advice to general]:
Lincoln to J. M. Schofield, May 27, 1863, Lincoln Collection, Chicago Historical Society.

31–2
[Lincoln and foreign policy]:
Brian Jenkins, Britain
and the War for the Union
(McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1974); Martin Duberman,
Charles Francis Adams, 1807–1886
(Stanford University Press, 1960), chs. 21–22; Thomas A. Bailey,
A Diplomatic History of the American People
(F. S. Crofts, 1941), ch. 22; Philip Van Doren Stern,
When the Guns Roared
(Doubleday & Co., 1965), ch. 38; Norman Graebner, “Northern Diplomacy and European Neutrality,” in Armin Rappaport, ed..
Essays in American Diplomacy
(Macmillan, 1967), pp. 106–20.

32
[Absence of loyalty to Lincoln]:
quoted in Donald, p. 62.

[Republican critics on Lincoln]: ibid.

[Advisability of second term questioned]: ibid,
p. 63.

[Adams on Davis and Lincoln]:
Charles Francis Adams to Richard Henry Dana, Jr., April 8, 1963, R. H. Dana Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.

[Republican radicals and Lincoln]
T. Harry Williams,
Lincoln and the Radicals
(University of Wisconsin Press, 1941), esp. ch. 12; Donald, ch. 6; Hans L. Trefousse,
The Radical Republicans: Lincoln’s Vanguard for Racial Justice
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1968); Mark E. Neely.Jr.,
The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia
(McGraw-Hill, 1982), pp. 251–54 (“Radical Republicans”).

[Lincoln’s use of patronage]:
Harry J. Carman and Reinhard H. Luthin,
Lincoln and the Patronage
(Columbia University Press, 1943), ch. 10.

33
[1864 conventions and campaign]:
Harold M. Hyman, “Election of 1864,” in Arthur M.Schlesinger, Jr., ed.,
History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–1968
(Chelsea House,1971), vol. 2, pp. 1155–78; Oates, pp. 387–99.

[“A view to an ultimate convention”]:
Democratic platform reprinted in Schlesinger, vol. 2, pp. 1179–80, quoted at p. 1179.

[Richmond
Examiner
on McClellan’s platform]:
quoted in Nevins,
The War for the Union, op. cit.,
vol. 4, p. 101.

[Copperheads in 1864]:
Wood Gray,
The Hidden Civil War
(Viking Press, 1942), ch. 8.

[Election results, 1864]:
Schlesinger, vol. 2, p. 1244.

[Lincoln’s movement to the left]:
McPherson, p. 477.

34
[Peace initiatives]:
Basler,
op. cit.,
vol. 7, pp. 517–18.

[Lincoln’s leadership]:
see Isaiah Berlin,
The Hedgehog and the Fox
(Simon and Schuster, 1953).

[Sherman’s march through Georgia]:
McPherson, p. 460; and see Liddell Hart, pp. 331–35.

35
[Lee on his army]:
quoted in Douglas Southall Freeman,
R. E. Lee
(Scribner’s, 1934–36),vol. 4, p. 84.

[Surrender at Appomattox]: ibid.,
vol. 4, pp. 117–48.

[Union colonel on Lee]:
Stephen Minot Weld,
War Diary and Letters
(Massachusetts Historical Society, 1979), p. 396.

[News of Lee’s surrender reaches Washington]:
Oates, p. 422.

[Welles on jubilation in Washington]:
Bcale,
op. cit.,
vol. 2, p. 278.

36
[
The legend of Lincoln begins]:
adapted in part from Max Lerner,
Ideas for the Ice Age
(Viking Press, 1941), pp. 396–97.

[Experiment of the Confederacy]:
E. Merton Coulter,
The Confederate States of America: 1861–1865
(Louisiana State University Press, 1950); Clement Eaton,
A History of the Southern Confederacy
(Macmillan, 1954); Hudson Strode,
Jefferson Davis
(Harcourt, Brace & World, 1955–64), vols. 1 and 2; Frank Lawrence Owsley,
State Rights in the Confederacy
(University of Chicago Press, 1925).

[The end of an experiment]:
William B. Hesseltine,
Lincoln and the War Governors
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1948); Harold M. Hyman,
Lincoln’s Reconstruction: Neither Failure of Vision Nor Vision of Failure
(Louis A. Warren Lincoln Library and Museum, 1980).

37
[Lincoln’s peroration]:
Basler, vol. 8, p. 333.

[Lincoln’s funeral trip]:
Sandburg,
op. cit.,
vol. 4, ch. 76.

[“When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom’d”]:
Walt Whitman,
The Complete Writings of Walt Whitman
(Putnam’s, 1920), vol. 2, pp. 94, 96.

38
[Euphoria at the bush spring]:
Laura S. Haviland,
A Woman’s Life-Work
(Arno Press, 1969), pp. 414–15.

38–9
The leading source on reactions and perceptions of slaves and former slaves, drawn largely from oral interviews and histories made many years after the event, is George P. Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography
(Greenwood Press, 1972), 19 vols. See also Leon F. Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1979); John W. Blassingame,
Slave Testimony
(Louisiana State University Press, 1977); Norman R. Yetman, ed..
Voices from Slavery
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970); Paul D. Escott,
Slavery Remembered
(University of North Carolina Press, 1979).

[Myrta Lockett Avary on her father’s talk to his slaves ]:
Myrta Lockett Avary,
Dixie After the War
(Doubleday, Page, 1906), pp. 183–85; see also, James Roark,
Masters Without Slaves
(W. W. Norton, 1977), esp. part 3.

[Blacks’ song in Bexar County]:
quoted in Litwack, p. 217.

41–2
[Political situation and attitudes following Civil War]:
Michael Les Benedict, A
Compromise of Principle
(W. W. Norton, 1974), chs. 5–6; David Donald,
Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1970); Kenneth M. Stampp,
The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1975), ch. 3; Fawn M. Brodie,
Thaddeus Stevens, Scourge of the South
(W. W. Norton, 1959), chs. 18, 19.