American Experiment (117 page)

[Newburyport and Portsmouth in 1789]:
Joshua Coffin,
A Sketch of the History of Newbury, Newburyport, and West Newbury
(1845) (Peter E. Randall, 1977), pp. 260-61; Benjamin W. Labaree,
Patriots and Partisans: The Merchants of Newburyport, 1764-1815,
(Harvard University Press, 1962), pp. 66-67, 70-71 84, 89; Nathaniel Adams,
Annals of Portsmouth
(C. Norris, 1825), pp. 288-89.

[Sources on New England shipbuilding]:
reports on the industry submitted to Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton; see esp. Joseph Whipple to Hamilton, Dec. 19, 1789, Syrett, Vol. 6, pp. 19-24; Benjamin Lincoln to Hamilton, Dec. 22, 1789,
ibid.,
pp. 27-31; and an unknown citizen of Massachusetts to Hamilton, Oct., 1789,
ibid..
Vol. 5, pp. 479-81. See also J. T. Adams, p. 201.

[New Hampshire industry]:
George D. Nash,
Issues in American Economic History-(D. C.
Heath, 1964), p. 117; Rolla M. Tryon,
Household Manufactures in the United States, 1640-1860
(University of Chicago Press,1917), p. 135

[ Washington’s visit to Andover]:
Fitzpatrick,
Washington Diaries,
Vol. 4, p. 47; see also the entries under “Phillips, Samuel’” in
Dictionary of American Biography,
Dumas Malone, ed. (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1934), Vol. 14, p. 543, and
The National Cyclopedia of American Biography
(James T. White, 1900), Vol. 10, p. 94.

[Phillips Academy in 1780]:
Mary E. Brown and Helen G. Brown,
The Story of John Adams, a New England Schoolmaster
(Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1900), pp. 36, 45, 53-54

[The Lexington school]:
D. Hamilton Hurd, comp.,
History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts
(J. W. Lewis, 1890), Vol. 2, p. 621.
[State of American schools in 1789]:
“Education,” pp. 394-97.

[Lexington c. 1789]:
Hurd, pp. 614, 630-31, 634, and Charles Hudson,
Abstract of the History of Lexington, Massachusetts
(T. R. Marvin & Son.. 1876), p. 22.

[Major sources on New York City, 1780-90]:
Sidney I. Pomerantz,
New York: An American City, 1783-1803
(Columbia University Press, 1938); Frank Monaghan and Marvin Lowenthal,
This Was New York
(Doubleday, Doran, 1943).

[Federal Hall]:
Bruce Bliven, Jr., “Federal Hall” (National Park Service, 1975); Pomerantz, passim; Monaghan and Lowenthal, passim.

[ Washington’s assurances against a military dictatorship ]:
Address to the New York Legislature, June 26, 1775, Fitzpatrick,
Writings of Washington,
Vol. 3, p. 305.

[Daily life in lower Manhattan]:
Monaghan and Lowenthal, passim, and sources cited below. Mrs. Ellen Yager assisted me in identifying sources and conducting research in New York City libraries and archives.

[Washington on the trappings of office]:
quoted in Freeman, Vol. 6, p. 252.

[Where leaders lived in New York City]:
Rufus Rockwell Wilson,
New York: Old and New
(Lippincott, 1909), Vol. 1, pp. 270-73.

[Federal officials and employees]:
White, Ch. 24.

[Samuel Provoost]:
James Grant Wilson, ed.,
Memorial History of the City of New York
(New York History Co., 1893), Vol. 3, p. 100; Rev. Morgan Dix,
Trinity Church Bicentennial Celebration
(J. Pott, 1897), p. 31. On religious life generally in New York City, see Pomerantz, pp. 372-95.

[New York City tavern life]:
W. Harrison Bayles,
Old Taverns of New York
(Frank Allaben Genealogical Co., 1915), pp. 346-47, 356-57, 376-77.

[Social life and organization]:
Bayard Still,
Mirror for Gotham
(New York University Press, 1956), esp. pp. 58-69; the observer of “three distinct classes” is cited on p. 60 of this work.

[Entertainment]:
Pomerantz, Chs. 8 and 10.

[Competitive, factious background of New York politics]:
Patricia U. Bonomi,
A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York
(Columbia University Press, 1971) and sources cited therein.

[New York merchants observing ships starting through the Narrows]:
Maxwell F. Marcuse,
This Was New York
(LIM Press, 1970), pp. 145-46.

[Visiting English actor on daily life of merchants]:
Hugh E. Macatamney,
Cradle Days of New York
(Drew
&
Lewis, 1909), p. 124; Still, p. 69.

[Manufacturing in New York]:
Pomerantz, pp. 194-99.

[Alleged Dutch exclusiveness]:
Macatamney, p. 124.

[Jewish leadership]:
Pomerantz, pp. 386-87;
Encyclopaedia Judaica.
Vol. 12 (Macmillan, 1971), p. 1070.

[Black leaders]: Dictionary of American Biography,
passim.

[Tammany in 1789-90]:
Gustavus Myers,
The History of Tammany Hall
(published by the author, 1901); M. R. Werner,
Tammany Hall
(Doubleday, Doran, 1928]: the initiation song is quoted from Werner, p. 12.

[Tammany goals]:
Werner, p. 10.

[John Adams on the need for ceremonial]:
Smith, p. 754.

[Washington’s display in New York City]:
Freeman, Vol. 6, pp. 226-27.

[Mercantile interests among the Federalists]:
William Appleman Williams,
The Contours of American History
(World, 1961), pp. 149-62; see also Fred Moramarco, “Hamilton and the Historians: The Economic Program in Retrospect,”
Midcontinent American Studies Journal,
Vol. 8, No. 1 (Spring 1967), pp. 34-43.

[Madison’s tariff proposals]:
“Speeches in the First Congress—First Session, Duties on Imports,” Hunt, Vol. 5. pp. 339-55.

[Machiavellian aspect of Hamilton]:
John C. Miller,
Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox
(Harper & Brothers, 1959), P· 227.

[Sources of Hamilton’s economic proposals, and earlier correspondence]:
Syrett, Vol. 5, pp 439, 464-65, 538-57;
ibid.
(1962), Vol. 6, pp. 51-65; see also Miller, Ch. 16.

[Jackson’s attack]:
Broadus Mitchell,
Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure
(Macmillan, 1962), p. 78.
[Madison’s “desertion”]:
John C. Miller,
The Federalist Era
(Harper &Row, 1960), p. 41. On assumption of state debts, see Whitney K. Bates, “Northern Speculators and Southern State Debts: 1790,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
Third Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 (January 1962), pp. 30-48.

[Hamilton’s banking policy]:
see in general Bray Hammond,
Banks and Politics in America
(Princeton University Press, 1957]: Thomas Francis Gordon,
War on the Bank of the United States
(Burt Franklin, 1967); Herman E. Krooss, ed.,
Documentary History of Banking and Currency in the United States
(McGraw-Hill, 1969), Vol. 1.

[Text of Hamilton’s report on a National Bank]:
Syrett, Vol. 7, pp. 236-342

[John Fenno’s poem]: Gazette of the United States,
Feb. 23, 1793, quoted in L. Michael Golden, “Precedent, Conflict, and Change: A Case Study of the National Banking System” (Williams College, 1978).

[Madison on Hamilton’s national bank proposal, February 2, 1791]:
Hunt, Vol. 6, p. 36.

[Jackson on the harmful effect of the bill]:
quoted in M. St. Clair Clarke and D. A. Hall,
Legislative and Documentary History of the Bank of the United States
(Gales and Seaton, 1832), p. 37.

[Hamilton’s defense of the constitutionality of the bank bill]:
Syrett, Vol. 8, pp. 97-134.

[Washington’s deliberateness]:
Miller,
The Federalist Era,
p. 58.

[House request for Treasury Plan]: The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States
(Gales and Seaton, 1834), Vol. 1, p. 1058.

[Hamilton’s inventory]:
Mitchell, Ch. 8; see in general Williams, pp. 162-70.

[Proposed anti-civil-libertarian constitutional amendments]:
Miller,
The Federalist Era,
p. 21.

[Adoption of the Bill of Rights]:
See in general Irving Brant,
The Bill of Rights
(Bobbs- Merrill, 1965); Rutland.

[Newspapers in 1790]:
Donald H. Stewart,
The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period
(State University of New York Press, 1969), Ch. 1.

[Washington’s mediation between Hamilton and Jefferson]:
Miller,
The Federalist Era,
p. 95; Fitzpatrick,
Writings of Washington,
Vol. 32, pp. 130-31, 185-86.

[Lack of theoretical understanding of potential role of parties in a republic]:
Richard Hofstadter,
The Idea of a Party System
(University of California Press, 1969), passim; Daniel Sisson,
The American Revolution of 1800
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), esp. Ch. 2.

[Jefferson and Madison’s “botanical” expedition of 1791]:
James MacGregor Burns,
The Deadlock of Democracy
(Prentice-Hall, 1963), pp. 26-27, and sources cited therein.

[Jefferson urges Washington to stay on]:
Jefferson to President, May 23, 1792, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed.,
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1895), Vol. 6. p. 5.

[Coinage with figure of liberty instead of Washington]:
Miller,
The Federalist Era,
p. 8.

[Washington’s birthday ball]:
James T. Flexner,
George Washington: Anguish and Farewell 1793-1799)
(Little, Brown, 1969), pp. 13-14.
[“Tranquility reigns”]:
Freeman, Vol. 6, p. 321.
[
National Gazette
attack]:
Flexner,
Anguish and Farewell,
p. 15.

[“Invitation” to settle in the Southwest]:
Madison to Washington, March 26, 1789 (enclosure), in Hunt, Vol. 5, pp. 331-33.

[John Quincy Adams on policies toward Indians]:
quoted in George Dewey Harmon,
Sixty Years of Indian Affairs
(University of North Carolina Press, 1941), p. 362.
[President Washington’s policy]:
Francis Paul Prucha,
American Indian Policy in the Formative Years
(Harvard University Press, 1962), esp. pp. 43-50.
[Wars with Indians]:
Keith Irvine, general ed.,
Encyclopedia of Indians in the Americas
(Scholarly Press, 1974).

[Red Jacket’s remarks]:
Katharine C. Turner,
Red Men Calling on the Great White Father
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1951), p. 12.
[Aupaumut’s plea]: ibid,
p. 25.
[Image on medal]: ibid,
p. 15.

See also Angie Debo,
A History of the Indians of the United States
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1970); Dale Van Every,
Disinherited: The Lost Birthright of the American Indian
(William Morrow, 1966).

[Congressmen oppose excise]:
Leland D. Baldwin,
Whiskey Rebels
(University of Pittsburgh Press, 1939), pp. 64-65.
[Washington on minority threat]:
quoted in John A. Carroll and Mary W. Ashworth,
George Washington.
Vol. 7:
First in Peace
(Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1957), pp. 186-87.
[Bradford described]: ibid.,
p.
185. [Role of Democratic societies in Whiskey Rebellion]:
Eugene Perry Link,
Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790-1800
(Octagon Books, 1973). pp. 145-48 and passim.

[Washington on Republicanism]:
Fitzpatrick,
Writings of Washington,
Vol. 34, pp. 98-99.
[Washington to Ball]: ibid.,
Vol. 33, p. 506.
[“Self-created societies
”
]: ibid.,
Vol. 34, p. 29.
[Jefferson on whiskey campaign]:
Dumas Malone,
Jefferson and His Time
(Little, Brown, 1962), Vol. III, p. 188.
[Jefferson to Washington]:
Entry for Aug. 2, 1793, in Thomas Jefferson, “The Anas,” in Ford, Vol. I, p. 253.
[Madison on speech]:
Hunt, Vol. 6, p. 223.

[Another feather in liberty’s cap]:
Boston
Gazette,
Sept. 7, 1789, quoted in Charles Downer Hazen,
Contemporary American Opinion of the French Revolution
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1897), p.142 (Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Extra Vol. 16).

[Jefferson on the French Revolution]:
Jefferson to Diodati, Aug. 3, 1789, Julian P. Boyd, ed.,
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
(Princeton University Press, 1958), Vol. 15, p. 326.

[Adams on French Revolution]:
quoted in Smith, Vol. 2, pp. 785-86.

[Hamilton on thinking in English]:
Hamilton conversation with George Beckwith, Oct. 1789, Syrett, Vol. 5, p.483.
[Cause of France as cause of man]:
Republican leader quoted in Miller,
The Federalist Era,
p. 130.

[John Adams on later revolutionary developments]:
quoted in Hazen, p. 254.

[Jefferson on the higher stakes]:
quoted in Miller,
The Federalist Era,
p. 127.
[Celebration of the executions of king and queen]:
Hazen, pp. 183, 258.

[Washington on transcending party animosities (in Inaugural Address)]:
Fitzpatrick,
Writings of Washington,
Vol. 30, p. 294.
[Washington on “Internal dissensions” and pleas for harmony]:
Washington to Jefferson, Aug. 23, 1792, and Washington to Hamilton, Aug. 26, 1792,
ibid,
Vol. 32, pp. 128-34.

[Hamilton as “deeply injured party”]:
Hamilton to Washington, Sept. 9, 1792, in John C. Hamilton, ed.,
The Works of Alexander Hamilton
(John F. Trow, 1851), Vol. 4, p. 303.

[Hamilton on Madison as little acquainted with the world]:
Hamilton to George Beckwith, Oct. 1789, in Syrett, Vol. 5, p. 488.
[Jefferson’s appeal to Madison]:
Letter of July 7, 1793, Ford, Vol. 6, p. 338.

[Citizen Genêt’s activities]:
Harry Amnion,
The Genêt Mission
(W. W. Norton, 1973); see also, especially for domestic political implications: Harry Ammon, “The Genêt Mission and the Development of American Political Parties,”
Journal of American History,
Vol. 52, No. 4 (March 1966), pp. 725-41.