American Buffalo (29 page)

Byerly, Ryan M., Judith R. Cooper, et al. “On Bonfire Shelter (Texas) as a Paleoindian Bison Jump: An Assessment using GIS and Zooarchaeology.”
American Antiquity,
vol. 70, 2005, pp. 595–629.

Clark, William, and Meriwether Lewis.
The Journals of Lewis and Clark.
Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.

Frison, George.
Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains.
New York: Academic Press, 1991.

———.
Survival by Hunting: Prehistoric Human Predators and Animal Prey.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.

Gard, Wayne.
The Great Buffalo Hunt: Its History and Drama, and Its Role in the Opening of the West.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959.

Isenberg, Andrew C.
The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Malouf, Carling, and Stuart Conner. “Symposium on Buffalo Jumps. Memoir 1.” Montana Archaeological Society, 1962.

Roe, Frank G.
The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951.

EUROAMERICAN HIDE HUNTERS

Branch, E. Douglass.
The Hunting of the Buffalo.
New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1940.

Dixon, Billy.
Life and Adventures of Billy Dixon of Adobe Walls.
Co-operative Publishing Company, 1914.

Dixon, Olive K.
Life of Billy Dixon.
Dallas: Southwest Press, 1927.

Dodge, Col. Richard Irving.
The Plains of the Great West and Their Inhabitants.
New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1877.

Gard, Wayne.
The Great Buffalo Hunt. Its History and Drama, and Its Role in the Opening of the West.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959.

Hornaday, William T.
The Extermination of the American Bison.
Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000.

Hunt, James W.
Buffalo Days: Stories from J. Wright Mooar.
Abilene: State House Press, 2005.

O’Connor, Richard.
Bat Masterson.
New York: Doubleday and Co., 1957.

Roe, Frank G.
The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951.

Roosevelt, Theodore.
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman: An Account of the Big Game of the United States and Its Chase with Horse, Hand, and Rifle.
New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1885.

Sandoz, Mari.
The Buffalo Hunters: the Story of the Hide Men.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978 (original publication, 1954).

Vestal, Stanley.
Queen of the Cowtowns: Dodge City.
New York: Harper and Brothers, 1952.

BONEPICKERS

Barsness, Larry.
Heads, Hides and Horns: The Compleat Buffalo Book.
Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1985.

Hunt, James W.
Buffalo Days: Stories from J. Wright Mooar.
Abilene: State House Press, 2005.

McCreight, Major Israel.
Buffalo Bone Days.
Sykesville: Nupp Printing, 1939.

McKeown, Martha F.
Them Was the Days.
Lincoln: University of Nebreska Press, 1950.

Toenniges, Shelly. Personal correspondence with the author. Shelly Toenniges works as a manager at Ebonex Corp.

Chapter Eleven

“vast clouds of dust rising and circling in the air . . .”:
Townsend, John K. “Townsend’s Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains, to the Columbia River.”
Early Western Travels, 1784–1846,
vol. 21, ed. Reuben Gold Thwaites. New York: A. H. Clark Co., 1904–1907.

“These animals are by no means plentiful . . .”:
Dodge, Col. Richard Irving.
The Plains of the Great West and Their Inhabitants.
New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1877.

BOB STEPHENSON AND THE PROPOSED INTRODUCTION (OR, PERHAPS, REINTRODUCTION) OF WOOD BUFFALO IN ALASKA

Gates, C. Cormac, Robert Stephenson, et al. “National Recovery Plan for the Wood Bison (
Bison bison
athabascae).” National Recovery Plan No. 21, a publication of Recovery of Nationally Endangered Wildlife (RENEW), October 2001.

Stephenson, Robert O., S. Craig Gerlach, et al. “Wood Bison in Late Holocene Alaska and Adjacent Canada: Paleontological, Archaeological and Historical Records.”
People and Wildlife in Northern North America,
ed. S. Craig Gerlach and Maribeth S. Murray. BAR International Series 994, 2001.

“Wood Bison Restoration in Alaska: A Review of Environmental and Regulatory Issues and Recommendations for Project Implementations.” A Public Review Draft from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, July 2006.

BUFFALO WALLOWS

Gerlanc, Nicole M., and Glennis A. Kaufman. “Use of Bison Wallows by Anurans on Konza Prairie.”
American Midland Naturalist,
vol. 150, no. 1, July 2003, pp. 158–168.

Fritz, Ken M., and Walter K. Dodds. “The Effects of Bison Crossings on the Macroinvertebrate Community in a Tallgrass Prairie Stream.”
American Midland Naturalist,
vol. 141, no. 2, April 1999, pp. 253–265.

McKeown, Martha F.
Them Was the Days.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1950.

Vinton, Mary Ann, David C. Hartnett, et al. “Interactive Effects of Fire, Bison (
Bison bison
) Grazing and Plant Community Composition in Tallgrass Prairie.”
American Midland Naturalist,
vol. 129, no. 1, January 1993, pp. 10–18.

Chapter Twelve

INTERACTIONS OF BUFFALO AND GRIZZLY BEARS

Clark, William, and Meriwether Lewis.
The Journals of Lewis and Clark.
Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.

Dodge, Col. Richard Irving.
The Plains of the Great West and Their Inhabitants.
New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1877.

Franke, Mary Ann.
To Save the Wild Bison: Life on the Edge in Yellowstone.
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005.

Isenberg, Andrew C.
The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Lott, Dale F.
American Bison: A Natural History.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

Mattson, David J. “Use of Ungulates by Yellowstone Grizzly Bear.”
Biological Conservation,
vol. 81, July–August 1997, pp. 103–111.

Roe, Frank G.
The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951.

Wyman, Travis. “Grizzly Bear Predation on a Bull Bison in Yellowstone National Park,”
Ursus,
vol. 13, 2002, pp. 375–377.

Chapter Thirteen

“circles, curves and other mathematical figures . . .”
: Irving, Washington.
The Adventures of Captain Bonneville.
New York: John B. Alden Publishers, 1886.

INDIAN USES OF BUFFALO

Belue, Ted Franklin.
The Long Hunt: Death of the Buffalo East of the Mississippi.
Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 1996.

Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez. “The Account and Commentaries of Governor Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, of what occurred on the two journeys that he made to the Indies.” Online book made available through the Southwestern Writers Collection of the Texas State University—San Marcos,
http://alkek.library.tx state.edu/swwc/cdv/index.htm.

Dary, David A.
The Buffalo Book.
New York: Avon Books, 1974.

Dodge, Col. Richard Irving.
The Plains of the Great West and Their Inhabitants.
New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1877.

Frazier, Ian.
Great Plains.
New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1989.

Grinnell, George Bird.
Blackfoot Lodge Tales: The Story of a Prairie People.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967.

———.
By Cheyenne Campfires.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971.

———.
Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk-Tales: With Notes on the Origin, Customs and Character of the Pawnee People.
New York: Forest and Stream Publishing Co., 1889.

Maximilian, Prince of Wied. “Maximilian, Prince of Wied’s Travels in the Interior of North America, 1833–1834.”
Early Western Travels, 1784–1846
. vols. 22–25. New York: A. H. Clark Co., 1904–1907.

McCreight, Major Israel.
Buffalo Bone Days.
Sykesville: Nupp Printing, 1939.

Sandoz, Mari.
The Buffalo Hunters: The Story of the Hide Men.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978 (original publication, 1954).

Chapter Fourteen

“Suppose two men to be disputing about their exploits . . .”:
Maximilian, Prince of Wied. “Maximilian, Prince of Wied’s Travels in the Interior of North America, 1833–1834.”
Early Western Travels, 1784–1846
. vols. 22–25. New York: A. H. Clark Co., 1904–1907.

“
The shock of battles and scenes of carnage and cruelty were as of the breath of his nostrils . . .”:
Fry, General James B.
Army Sacrifices: Briefs from Official Pigeon-Holes.
Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 2003.

WHITE BUFFALO

Fleron, Julian, and Donald Hoagland. “Miracles and Mathematical Biology: The Case of the White Buffalo,” in
Environmental Mathematics in the Classroom
, ed. B. A. Fusaro and P. C. Kenschaft. Mathematical Association of America, 2003.

Grinnell, George Bird.
Blackfoot Lodge Tales: The Story of a Prairie People.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962.

———.
By Cheyenne Campfires.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971.

———.
Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk-Tales: With Notes on the Origin, Customs and Character of the Pawnee People.
New York: Forest and Stream Publishing Co., 1889.

Hunt, James W.
Buffalo Days: Stories from J. Wright Mooar.
Abilene: State House Press, 2005.

Maximilian, Prince of Wied. “Maximilian, Prince of Wied’s Travels in the Interior of North America, 1833–1834.”
Early Western Travels, 1784–1846.
vols. 22–25. New York: A. H. Clark Co., 1904–1907.

Meagher, Mary. “Bison bison.” The American Society of Mammalogists,
Mammalian Species
, no. 266, 1986, pp. 1–8.

Roe, Frank G.
The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, I’d like to thank my agent and friend, Marc Gerald, for placing me with the perfect editor and collaborator, Cindy Spiegel. Thanks to Cindy and everyone else at Spiegel & Grau, especially Gretchen Koss, Hana Landes, and Meghan Walker, for taking such good care of my project and me.

I am indebted to many professionals, agencies, and self-taught experts who offered me physical assistance and personal time while I was researching this book. Thanks to Tony Baker for showing me “the really old shit”; Reverend Grant of Garrett County, Maryland, for giving me a firsthand introduction to President George Washington; Mike Kunz of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management’s Arctic Field Office for the banjo songs, helicopters, and twenty-four-hour sunlight; Paul Picha of the State Historical Society of North Dakota for showing me the earthen mounds and weird holes in the ground along the Missouri River; David Eck and Commissioner Patrick H. Lyons of the New Mexico State Lands Office for the use of a truck, a knowledgeable guide, and keys to the gates; geneticist Beth Shapiro for putting me up and removing two grams of my skull at the Henry Wellcome Ancient Biomolecules Centre at Oxford University; Stephen Sautner, Steve Johnson, and everyone else at the Wildlife Conservation Society for letting me come to Denver and introducing me to that precious stash in the library at the Bronx Zoo; Bob Stephenson of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game in Fairbanks, Alaska, for showing me some old skulls, taking me to see a cool painting, and giving me a glimpse into the buffalo’s bright future in Alaska; Jason Labelle of Colorado State University for showing me a bunch of Ice Age kill sites; Dan Flores, an environmental historian and my one-time professor at the University of Montana, for taking a day off to visit Clovis, New Mexico; Ray the Rock Man Baker of Miles City, Montana, for his unique cultural insights and cool hunks of rock; Dan Brister and Mike Mease of the Buffalo Field Campaign in West Yellowstone, Montana, for sharing a couch and meals.

Many historians, scientists, and knowledgeable laypeople gave me valuable insights and answers when called upon via phone, e-mail, or office visits, including Ryan Byerly and Judith Cooper of Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas; Wes Olson of Elk Island National Park in Alberta, Canada; Stuart MacMillan and Rhona Kindopp of Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada’s Northwest Territories; Kenneth P. Cannon of the Midwest Archeological Center in Lincoln, Nebraska; Michael C. Wilson of Douglas College in British Columbia; Tom Groneberg, of northwest Montana; Faber the taxidermist, of Miles City, Montana; Jim Matheson of the National Buffalo Association; Shelly Toenniges of Ebonex Corporation in Melvindale, Michigan; Darden Hood of Beta Analytic, in Miama Florida; Nola Davis of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department; and George Hamell of the New York State Museum in Albany, New York.

Finally, and most important, a huge thanks to my personal friends and family who offered me their particular blends of muscle power and brain power, especially Katie Finch (Catherine Rinella, that is), Danny Rinella, Dr. Matt Rinella, Matt Rafferty, Jeff Jessen, Hardcover Jeffy, Dr. Matt Carlson, Dr. Eric Kern, and my mother, Rosemary. You guys have made this world a very interesting place to hang out.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Steven Rinella is the author of
The Scavenger’s Guide to Haute Cuisine
and a correspondent for
Outside
magazine. His writing has also appeared in
The New Yorker, American Heritage,
the
New York Times, Field & Stream, Men’s Journal,
and
Salon.com.
He grew up in Twin Lake, Michigan, and now splits his time between Anchorage, Alaska, and New York City.