America and the Pill: A History of Promise, Peril, and Liberation (24 page)

pill as key to, 14, 79–80 Family values.
See
Values “Father of the Pill,” 14 Fatherhood,
Playboy
’s view of,

62–64

Fawcett, Don, 111 Feminist movement

development of a male contraceptive, 97–98

encouraging sexual exploration, 149–150

impact on women today, 145–146

origins and development of, 3 parental support for teens and

the pill, 153–154

Playboy
philosophy and, 61–63

reproductive control leading to feminism, 151–152

Sanger and McCormick’s activism, 14–15

sexual revolution, 89 women’s increasing

involvement in research and development, 170

Ferber, Andrew, 68

Fertility Awareness Method (FAM), 161–162

Fertility control, 15, 23, 29

Fertility rate, 52–53, 56

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938), 32

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

approval process, 1, 3, 8, 32–33 author’s father’s role in delay of

approval, 8

increasing caution of, 111 menstrual irregularity

compound, 4–5

morning-after pill, 164–165 noncontraceptive benefits of

the pill, 157

Norplant and Depo Provera, 136–138

side effects and health risks of the pill, 133

thalidomide tragedy, 127

Foreign policy, 53–54 Free love advocates, 16

Gag rule, 54–55

Gamble, Clarence, 30, 47

Gandhi, Indira, 51, 96

G.D. Searle pharmaceuticals, 5, 32–33

Genocide: birth control as black genocide, 49–50

The Girl, the Body, and the Pill (film), 90

Global problems, pill as panacea for, 2–3, 6, 34.
See also
Overpopulation; Poverty

Goldman, Emma, 16, 38–39

Good Housekeeping
magazine, 94, 108

Goodbye Columbus
(Roth), 78, 89–90

Gossypol, 96–97

Griswold, Estelle, 118
Griswold v. Connecticut,
118 Group marriage, 15

Guilt, sex and, 82–83, 150–151,

153

Haden, William “Bouie,” 50 Hall, Robert E., 121–122 Harvard College, 23, 25–26 Health, Education, and Welfare

(HEW) Department, 50 Health care.
See
Physicians and

the medical community

Hefner, Hugh, 60, 65

HIV/AIDS, 169

Hoagland, Hudson, 23–24

Homosexuality, 59, 163 Hugh Moore Fund, 42

Humanae Vitae
(papal encyclical), 125–126

Identity, sexual, 146–147, 163 Implants for men, 113–114 Impotence, 68

India

mandatory family planning, 51 population conference, 35–36 search for effective male

contraceptives, 96–97

Infertility research, 14 Injections for men, 94 Injections for women, 136–137

International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), 41

Internet survey and research, 145, 147–148, 152, 164

In vitro fertilization, 23

IPD (intrapenile device), spoof, 103–104

IUD (intra-uterine device), 53, 55, 103, 131–132, 162, 169

Jockstrap as contraception, 105–106

John XXIII, 123–124

Johnson, Joyce, 59 Johnson, Lyndon B., 43 Johnson, Virginia, 61

Kelsey, Frances Oldham, 111, 127–128

Kennedy, John F., 53–54, 119, 128

Keyes, Allan, 54

Kistner, Robert, 57, 68

Ladies Home Journal,
45–46, 68,

130

Legal issues, 118, 139–140

Lesbians, 146–147, 163

Leyhausen, Paul, 46

Liability, 140

Liberal views, 80–81 Liberation, sexual

Beat generation, 59–60 benefits of the pill, 57–58
Playboy
philosophy, 60–67

sexual satisfaction, 12–14

See also
Sexual revolution Libido

dominating discourse on male contraceptive, 99–101,

107–110

pill use lowering, 147–149

Life
magazine, 44–45, 104–105

Long-term safety, 34

Lopez, Steve, 138

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), 108

Lynn, Loretta, 12–13

Lysistrata Day, 45

Mad Men
(television series), 79 Magic bullet, 3

Marker, Russell, 24 Marriage

impact of the pill within, 79–80

premarital sex failing to lead to, 84–85

women’s liberation from, 16 WWII discourse on, 76

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 21, 24

Masters, William, 61

May, Rollo, 67–68

McCarthy, Joseph, 42

McCarthy, Mary, 77–78

McCormick, Katharine Dexter, 3–4, 7, 170

background of, 21–22

death of, 34

difficulty in finding research subjects, 27

early research testing, 29 motivation for activism, 14–15 on male contraceptives, 97–98 Pincus and, 24–25

population control movement, 38–39

Sanger’s collaboration with, 23 women’s rights activism, 17

McCormick, Stanley, 21–22 Media

anticommunist efforts and population control, 42–43

movie industry portrayal of the pill, 89–91

Norplant and Depo Provera, 138

Puerto Rican trials, 31

sexual revolution, 80–82, 86–87

vasectomy coverage, 100–102 Zero Population Growth

movement, 44–45

Men

Black Power movement and the pill, 49

negative side effects of the pill, 67–71

Playboy
philosophy, 60–67 response to the pill, 6 sexual liberation, 59

sexual revolution, 80–82 Men, contraceptives for

benefits of, 114–115

condoms, 4, 100, 146, 150–151,

161

injections, 108–109

jockstrap, 105–106

men’s growing acceptance of, 112

men’s refusals to accept risks of, 102–104

physiological obstacles to, 109–110

psychological obstacles to, 99–100

research efforts, 93–97, 101–103

sperm switch, 104–105

subcutaneous capsule, 113–114

testes heater, 106–107

vaccine, 107–108

vasectomy, 94, 100–101, 105,

110

women’s frustration over the lack of, 98–99

women’s groups’ advocacy for, 135

Menstrual irregularity, 4–5,

155–157

Mentally ill individuals, forced testing on, 27–28, 95

Merrell, Inc., 127–128 Mexico City policy, 54 Miltown, 126–127

Momism, 61–62

Moore, Hugh, 35, 42 Moral issues

choice increasing public acceptance of unmarried sex, 74

Comstock Law, 16, 18–20 critics of the pill, 3

Mormons, 15

Morning-after pill, 164–166 Morning-after use of the pill,

83

Movie industry, 89–91

Myths and misconceptions about the pill, 14

NAACP, 49

The Nation,
50, 119, 121 National security, birth control as,

40

Natural birth control

Fertility Awareness Method, 161–162

rhythm method of contraception, 65, 86,

121–123, 126, 161–162

withdrawal method, 4, 15

Negro Project, 48–49

Nelson, Gaylord, 132

New Deal, 19–20

New York Times,
108, 110, 168 Noncontraceptive benefits of the

pill, 155–158

Norplant, 136–137, 139–140,

154, 169

Notestein, Frank, 51

Nuclear family, 3, 37

Obama, Barack, 55, 164 Objectification of women,

61–62

O’Brien, John A., 121 Oneida Perfectionists, 15 Ortho Tri-Cyclin Lo, 147

Our Bodies, Ourselves
(BWHBC), 134–136

Overpopulation

controversy over the pill’s use for, 37–38

Ehrlich’s
Population Bomb,
44 history of population control,

38–39

Playboy
’s criticism of the Catholic Church abortion stance, 65–66

population control movement, 38–41

postwar international implications of contraception, 40–41

racism tingeing discourse, 46–47

the pill as the solution to, 2, 13–14, 35–38, 167–168

Zero Population Growth movement, 44–45

See also
Population control movement

Parental support of contraceptive use, 153–154

Patch, 169

Paul VI, 124–125

Pessaries, 15

Philadelphia Inquirer, 138 Physicians and the medical

community as third party, 5

college women’s access to the pill, 87–88

The Doctors’ Case Against the Pill,
130–132

laws restricting contraceptive distribution and use, 118

public dissent against, 126–127

Senate hearings, 132–133 single women’s exclusion from

contraceptives, 72–73

Pickup on 101
(film), 90

The Pill Versus the Springhill Mine Disaster
(Brautigan), 59–60

Pincus, Gregory background, 23

FDA approval process, 8, 33–34

involuntary testing of psychiatric patients, 27–28

male contraceptive, 95, 99 pill as infertility cure, 14 Puerto Rican trials, 29–31 Sanger and McCormick’s

connection to, 24–25

side effects of the pill, 98, 129 Pius XI, 123

Pius XII, 123

Plan B, 164–166

Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA), 22, 24,

39–40

Playboy Foundation, 61

Playboy
magazine, 60–67, 83

Popular culture, 89–91

Population and People
(Stockwell), 43–44

The Population Bomb
(Ehrlich), 44

The Population Bomb
(pamphlet), 42

Population control movement anticommunist efforts and,

41–43

birth control movement and, 38–41

personal and political ambivalence over, 48–51

pill’s minor role in curbing growth, 53–54

See also
Overpopulation Population Council, 41, 51–52,

137

Population statistics.
See

Statistical information Pornography, contraception as, 16 Poverty

anticommunism approach to population control, 42

choice and coercion in birth control, 48–49

Ehrlich’s
Population Bomb,
44 eugenics, 20–21

Norplant use with poor women, 138–139

personal and political ambivalence over international birth control, 50–51

Puerto Rican research tests, 29–30

the pill as the solution to, 2, 36 Pregnancy, thalidomide use

during, 127–128

Prelinger, Ernst, 83 Premarital sex

age and marital status of pill users, 152

benefits of the pill, 58–59 college girls’ ambivalence over

the sexual revolution, 84–89

Premarital sex (
continued
) concerns over the pill

increasing incidence of, 7–8 conservative values, 150

history of, 75

1960s increase in, 80–81 public opinion on, 80

sexual revolution and the pill, 71–73, 84–89

Preven, 165

Prisoners, testing on, 95–96 Progesterone, 14, 24

Progestin, 14, 24–25

Promiscuity, 152–153

Prudence and the Pill
(film), 90–91

Psychiatric patients, testing on, 27–28, 95

Psychological effects of female contraceptive, 154–155

Psychological effects of male contraceptive, 99

Public discussion of sex, 75 Public policy agenda

China’s one-child-per-couple policy, 51

conservatives targeting international aid, 53–55

developing countries, 51–53 Johnson administration

funding domestic family planning programs, 43

laws restricting use and distribution of contraceptives, 118–119

population control and birth control, 39–41

Puerto Rico, 29–30

Reagan, Ronald, 54

Rebound effect, 29

Regulatory process, 32–33

Reik, Theodor, 62–63

Reiss, Ira, 82 Religious values

birth control in religious communities, 15

conscience clauses, 163–164

morning-after pill, 165 premarital sex despite,

150–151

women’s defiance of religious authorities, 118

See also
Catholic Church Reproductive freedom, 145–146 Reproductive Study Center,

Brookline, Massachusetts, 25–26

Research, contraceptive

FDA approval process, 32–34 implants for men, 113–114 injections for men, 108–109 litigation hampering, 140

McCormick funding, 22,

24–25

physiological and psychological obstacles to a male contraceptive, 109–112

Pincus’s contribution to, 23–24

potential study sites, 29 Puerto Rican trials, 29–31 Rock’s role in, 25–27 sluggish pace of men’s

contraception research, 101–102, 105–106

vaccine for men, 107–108

Viagra and, 116

women’s groups’ advocacy for, 135

Responsibility for pill use, 157–159

Rhythm method of contraception, 65, 86, 121–123, 126,

161–162

Rice-Wray, Edris, 30–31

Rock, John, 1

background, 25–27 Catholic Church’s stance on

family planning, 122–123,

126

FDA approval process, 8, 33–34

jockstrap as contraceptive device, 106

pill as infertility cure, 14 premarital sex and the pill, 81 Puerto Rican trials, 29–31 women’s anger over side

effects, 98

Rockefeller III, John D., 41 Rockefeller Foundation, 51

Roosevelt, Franklin, 19–20

Roth, Philip, 77–78, 89–90

Safety concerns

FDA approval, 33–34 increasing safety over time,

143–144, 168

thalidomide, 127–128

See also
Side effects Sahl, Mort, 62

Sanger, Margaret, 3–4, 7, 170 choice and coercion in birth

control, 48–49

death of, 34 International Planned

Parenthood Federation, 41

McCormick and, 21–22 motivation for activism, 14–15 national security through birth

control, 40

on male contraceptives, 97–98 Pincus and, 23–25

population control advocacy, 20, 38–39

spiritual power of intimacy and sex, 75–76