A Workbook to Communicative Grammar of English (41 page)

10.
We were soon to learn that the suspect had previously been convicted of drugs trafficking.

Task two **

1.
I met Sheila when I was 17 years old.

2.
The tourists picnicked in the city’s main park before visiting a local museum.

3.
Two wings of the castle were destroyed by fire after it was struck by lightning.

4.
I will phone you as soon as I have finished this repair work.

5.
The car crash happened while it was raining heavily.

6.
We can all heave a sigh of relief now that the worst of the storm is over.

7.
Steering a canoe is relatively easy once you get the hang of it.

8.
The patient’s condition seemed to stabilize as time passed.

9.
I do not want to fly to Canada until the international situation has improved.

10.
There has only been one single burglary since a security camera was installed.

7.5. Duration

Sections 161–165; 457

Task one **

1. for millennia; 2. briefly; 3. up to now; 4. all winter long; 5. for several years now; 6. until his grasp loosened; 7. ever since I’ve known about the health risks involved; 8. for ever; 9. from 1837 to 1901; 10. temporarily

Task two **

1. for four years; 2. for the rest of this century; 3. forever; 4. for a few weeks now; 5. up to Easter; 6. the whole day; 7. for a short time now; 8. at the week-end; 9. The heatwave continued throughout the summer; 10. … while police officers were (simultaneously) combing the woods for the missing girl.

7.6. Frequency

Sections 166–169; 458

Task one **

1.
I’ve often met this famous comedian.

2.
I used to see Mum every other day.

3.
Even hardened soldiers occasionally become sentimental. / Even hardened soldiers become sentimental from time to time.

4.
I go to the sauna monthly.

5.
I’ve frequently been to the United States.

6.
Our neighbours have a barbecue nearly every weekend.

7.
Mr Sweethome seldom/rarely travels abroad.

8.
Some people go for a walk daily.

9.
We have breakfast at 7.30 most days.

10.
My elder brother is rarely/seldom at home.

11.
I borrow books from the library every fortnight.

12.
Bossy people are frequently difficult to communicate with.

Task two ***

1.
True vegetarians NEVER eat meat.

2.
A footballer performing a hat-trick is a player who scores THREE TIMES.

3.
Gypsies are people who are ALWAYS/CONSTANTLY on the move.

4.
Bill Clinton was TWICE elected President of the United States.

5.
Drink-driving is ALWAYS a serious offence.

6.
The Olympic Games take place ONCE EVERY FOUR YEARS.

7.
Even the best actors SOMETIMES forget their lines.

8.
A bimonthly journal is published EVERY TWO MONTHS.

9.
Most adults NORMALLY go to bed between 10 p.m. and midnight.

10.
Astronauts have orbited our planet MANY TIMES.

11.
People aged over 100 HARDLY EVER live on their own.

12.
Commuters ALWAYS travel to work. / Commuters travel to work DAILY.

7.7. Place, direction and distance

Section 170; 454

Task one **

1.
Nowhere in Chester
;
of the River Dee
;
on the north bank
;
there
;
on the Dee
;
on the Groves
;
past Eaton Estate
;
of Westminster
.

2.
Australia
;
from north
;
to south
;
east
;
back to the Pacific coast
;
on to New Zealand
;
the most southerly landfall
;
on this side of the Rim
;
across flat plains
;
past Broken Hill
;
where
;
anywhere in the world
;
through the Blue Mountains
;
into Sydney

Task two **

7.8. Prepositions of place

Sections 171–178

Task one **

1a. at/in; 1b. outside; 2a. off; 2b. into; 3a. from; 3b. to; 3c. through; 4a. through; 4b. on; 5a. to/into; 5b. from/out of; 5c. to; 6a. from; 6b. across/over; 6c. on; 7a. across; 7b. through; 7c. along; 8a. in/inside; 8b. away from; 9a. at; 9b. off/out of; 9c. on to; 9d. into; 9e. to; 9f. on; 10a. at; 10b. to; 10c. in; 10d. to; 10e. in; 10f. through; 10g. within (or: to/by/along)

Task two (suggested answers) **

1. off his horse; 2. out of it; 3. out of / into the station; 4. on the statue; 5. over the bridge; 6. in the bus; 7. close to the shore; 8. over the wall; 9. on to the next town; 10. from Western Docks; 11. on her finger; 12. in a bar

7.9. Overlap between types of prepositions

Sections 179–183

Task **

1. on; 2. at; 3. in; 4. at; 5. on; 6. at; 7. in; 8. at; 9. to; 10. into; 11. at; 12. in

7.10. Various positions

Sections 184–186

Task one (suggested answers) ***

1. above the eyes; 2. below street-level / underneath the house; 3. by the fire; 4. between two countries; 5. under his shirt; 6. behind each other; 7. in front of you; 8. behind him; 9. opposite yours; 10. among colleagues; 11. round the walls; 12. on top of the pile

Task two **

1.
Most of the divers had resurfaced but one or two were still trapped BELOW.

2.
During the occupation of the area only the old and sick stayed BEHIND.

3.
Dozens of B-52s and other warplanes were flying OVERHEAD that morning.

4.
Young children travelling in cars are not normally allowed to sit IN FRONT.

5.
I was awakened by a persistent stamping of feet produced by the people living ABOVE.

6.
Before putting the pizza in the oven just sprinkle some Parmesan ON TOP.

7.
The man sitting OPPOSITE leaned forward and suddenly grabbed me by the shoulders.

8.
I lifted the carpet to find out what had been hidden UNDERNEATH.

9.
Hours after the tragedy groups of relatives and friends were still standing AROUND.

10.
On this side of the road are several detached houses, with a few remaining plots of land IN BETWEEN.

7.11. Motion

Sections 187–189

Task ***

1. came/went into; 2. came down; 3. went round; 4. coming towards; 5. get out of/away from; 6. went by; 7. going up; 8. got through; 9. went along; 10. drive over; 11. get on; 12. get over

7.12. Space and motion

Sections 190–192

Task one **

1. up; 2. across; 3. beyond; 4. through; 5. down; 6. round; 7. throughout; 8. all over the; 9. are out of; 10. be away from

Task two **

1. beyond; 2. under; 3. behind; 4. below; 5. out of; 6. into; 7. along; 8. past; 9. on top of; 10. amid; 11. over 12. beneath

Task three ***

1. walked in; 2. sailed over; 3. drove away; 4. came up; 5. moved out / went away; 6. carried on; 7. dropped by/in; 8. broke/split up

7.13. Distance

Section 193

Task **

1. thousands of miles away; 2. thousands of miles; 3. about two hundred yards from here; 4. five thousand feet below; 5. six hundred miles; 6. a few hundred yards; 7. just inches from my head; 8. a hundred feet above our heads; 9. miles away; 10. two inches

7.14. Manner, means and instrument

Sections 194–197; 453

Task one **

1.
extremely carefully
: adverb phrase;
at a slow speed
: prepositional phrase;
in as high a gear as possible
: prepositional phrase;
very gently
: adverb phrase;
particularly slowly
: adverb phrase;
progressively
: adverb;
smoothly
: adverb;
by choosing a safe place to brake gently
: adverbial clause;
gently
: adverb

2.
like a soldier
: prepositional phrase;
at a fast cat-like crouch
: prepositional phrase;
weaving and ducking and using the river bed for cover
: adverbial clause

Task two **

1.
The trade unions protested VIGOROUSLY (or: IN A VIGOROUS MANNER / WITH VIGOUR) against the government’s measures.

2.
The new proposal was ENTHUSIASTICALLY received / The new proposal was received ENTHUSIASTICALLY.

3.
The losing team COURAGEOUSLY fought back / The losing team fought back COURAGEOUSLY.

4.
The local tribes were treated CRUELLY AND UNJUSTLY.

5.
I was dressing the patient’s wounds LIKE A QUALIFIED NURSE.

6.
Mr Pym was behaving LIKE A SIXTEEN-YEAR-OLD towards the new trainee.

7.
The front gate was locked, so I tried to get in BY THE BACKDOOR.

8.
Fortunately, we were able to communicate BY MOBILE PHONE.

9.
The employers sought to win over the workers WITH A PAY RISE.

10.
Why don’t we resolve the problem WITH A CHANGE OF TACTICS.

11.
The burglars knocked the night porter unconscious WITH A BASEBALL BAT.

12.
We cannot reduce the flood risk WITHOUT PROPER SEA DEFENCES.

Task three **

1. using an old-fashioned fountain pen; 2. with great difficulty; 3. by the path we always used; 4. so slowly; 5. with a crowbar; 6. with fond approval; 7. by road or by rail; 8. like an Arctic explorer; 9. as if it were your last day on earth; 10. by sounding your horn; 11. by a perilously slim extending ladder, with a little piece of rope for support; 12. clearly and accurately, by the use of symbols

7.15. Prepositions (general)

Sections 657–660

Task one **

1. in; 2. in; 3. at; 4. in; 5. before; 6. on; 7. of; 8. between; 9. along; 10. in; 11. for; 12. to; 13. in; 14. of; 15. in; 16. to; 17. into; 18. for; 19. about (or: on); 20. with; 21. of; 22. with; 23. out; 24. about

Task two **

1. P; 2. PA; 3. PA; 4. PA; 5. PA; 6. PA; 7. P; 8. P; 9. PA; 10. P

7.16. Two or more adverbials

Section 460

Task **

1. in Iceland in fifty years; 2. into the small colonial room at the front of the building; 3. in an armchair with a magazine in her lap; 4. among the boulders by the tower; 5. on Stella’s door at ten past four; 6. eastward on the Transsiberian Express; 7. intimidatingly in my direction; 8. in the penal colony in 1840 after a career of crimes, arrests and escapes; 9. extensively in the North for several years; 10. in his office on the fourth floor of a supermarket in Hong Kong; 11. fixedly at the paving stone under her feet; 12. to starboard about 1 o’clock in the afternoon.

7.17. Degree

Section 215; 459

Task *

1.
particularly
: H, M; 2.
simply
: L, A; 3a.
Just
: L, A; 3b.
monumentally
: H, M; 4.
quite
: H, M; 5a.
pretty
: H, M; 5b.
much
: H, A; 6.
almost
: L, M; 7.
deeply
: H, A; 8.
ill
: L, A; 9.
totally
: H, A; 10.
all but
: L, M; 11.
a little
: L, M; 12.
terribly
: H, M; 13a.
really
: H, A; 13b.
right
: H, M; 14a.
piercingly
: H. M; 14b.
only
: L, M; 14c.
partly
: L, A; 15a.
rather
: H, M; 15b.
barely
: L, M; 15c.
fully
: H, M

7.18. Gradable words and degree 1

Sections 216–218

Task one **

1.
The situation in the border area is getting PRETTY desperate.

2.
High Street spending has increased CONSIDERABLY over the last two months.

3.
Teachers are complaining about class sizes A GREAT DEAL these days.

4.
In her early nineties now, Mrs Wilson is beginning to look VERY frail.

5.
Ricky’s mood swings are making me feel A LITTLE uncomfortable.

6.
On the whole, I QUITE like these after-dinner speeches.

7.
Careful, that wooden chest is RATHER heavy!

8.
Aren’t you getting A BIT worried about Mandy’s recent behaviour?

9.
Teenagers tend to admire pop stars VERY MUCH.

10.
I think we should reword this letter SLIGHTLY.