A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror (187 page)

32. Paul K. Davis,
100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present
(New York: Oxford, 1999), 420–24.

33. Michael Langley,
Inchon Landing
(New York: Times Books, 1979); Max Hastings,
The Korean War
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987).

34. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 823.

35. Ibid., 824.

36. Leckie,
Wars of America
, 909.

37. Gregg Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller
(New York: Henry Holt, 2002).

38. Weinstein and Vassiliev,
Haunted Wood
, 343; Robbie Lieberman,
The Strangest Dream
.
Anticommunism and the U.S. Peace Movement, 1945–1963
(Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000).

39. Richard Rovere,
Senator Joe McCarthy
(New York: Harcourt, 1959).

40. Herman,
Joseph McCarthy
, 3–4; Ellen Schrecker,
The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents
(Boston: Bedford Books, 1994).

41. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Sword and the Shield
, 106 and passim.

42. Anthony Summers,
Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1993), 191.

43. Guenter Lewy,
The Cause That Failed: Communism in American Political Life
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 101.

44. Klehr and Haynes,
American Communist Movement
, 181.

45. Robbie Lieberman,
Strangest Dream
, xv.

46. Ibid., 2.

47. As Rebecca West explained, “Everyone knew there were Communists, but very few people really believed it” (Rebecca West,
The New Meaning of Treason
[New York: Viking, 1964], 236–37), and as Leslie Fiedler put it, liberals seemed to think that Communists “were, despite their shrillness and bad manners, fundamentally on the side of justice” (Leslie Fiedler, “Hiss, Chambers, and the Age of Innocence,”
Commentary
, August 1951, 119).

48. Michael Beschloss, “How Well Read Should a President Be?” New York
Times
, June 11, 2000.

49. Stephen E. Ambrose,
Eisenhower: Soldier General of the Army President Elect, 1890–1952
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), I:178.

50. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 829; George F. Kennan,
Memoirs, 1925–50
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), 196, quoted in Johnson,
History of the American People
, 829; Robert R. Bowie and Richard H. Immerman,
Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).

51. Hart,
When the Going Was Good!
, 67–68.

52. Ibid., 68.

53. Campbell Craig,
Destroying the Village: Eisenhower and Thermonuclear War
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 22.

54. Fred Kaplan,
The Wizards of Armageddon
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983).

55. Craig,
Destroying the Village
, 51.

56. Robert Russo,
Bourque News Watch
(Canada), October 20, 1999.

57. Jack M. Holl, Roger M. Anders, and Alice L. Buck,
United States Civilian Nuclear Power Policy, 1954–1984: A Summary History
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, 1986).

58. Tindall and Shi,
America
, 2:1487.

59. George Lardner Jr. and Walter Pincus, “Military had Plan to Blame Cuba if Glenn’s Space Mission Failed,”
Washington Post
, November 19, 1997.

60. William Strauss and Neil Howe,
Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584–2069
(New York: William Morrow, 1991), 261.

61. “America’s Mood Today,”
Look
, June 29, 1965.

62. William Strauss and Neil Howe,
The Fourth Turning: A Prophecy
(New York: Broadway Books, 1997), 166.

63. Ibid., 167.

64. Kenneth T. Jackson,
Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States
(New York: Oxford, 1985).

65. Nicholas Dagen Bloom,
Suburban Alchemy: 1960s New Towns and the Transformation of the American Dream
(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001).

66. Larry Schweikart,
The Entrepreneurial Adventure: A History of Business in the United States
(Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, 2000), 375.

67. Scott Derks,
The Value of a Dollar: Prices and Incomes in the United States, 1860–1999
(Lakeville, CT: Grey House Publishing, 1999), 299–300.

68. See the official Rockwell Museum Web site, http://www. nrm. org/norman/.

69. Laura Claridge,
Norman Rockwell: A Life
(New York: Random House, 2001).

70. Mark Tooley, “Madness in Their Methodism: The Religious Left Has a Summit,”
Heterodoxy
, May 1995, 6.

71. John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle,
Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); John A. Jakle, Keith A. Sculle and Jefferson S. Rogers,
The Motel in America
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle,
The Gas Station in America
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).

72. Ray Kroc and Robert Anderson,
Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald’s
(Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1977).

73. Richard Kluger,
Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America’s Struggle for Equality
(New York: Norton, 1990).

74. Tindall and Shi,
America
, 2:1495.

75. Goldfield, et al.,
American Journey
, 931.

76. Taylor Branch,
Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988); Robert Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound: A History of America’s Civil Rights Movement
(New York: Norton, 1990).

77. Aldon D. Morris,
The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change
(New York: Free Press, 1984); David Chappell,
Inside Agitators: White Southerners in the Civil Rights Movement
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).

 

Chapter 19. The Age of Upheaval, 1960–74

1. Howard Brick,
Age of Contradiction: American Thought and Culture in the 1960s
(New York: Twayne, 1998).

2. John A. Andrew III,
The Other Side of the Sixties: The Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of Conservative Politics
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997).

3. Christopher Matthews,
Kennedy and Nixon: The Rivalry That Shaped Postwar America
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).

4. Brian J. Gaines, “Popular Myths About Popular Vote-Electoral College Splits,”
PS: Political Science and Politics
, March 2001, 71–75.

5. Jeffrey Hart,
When the Going Was Good!: American Life in the Fifties
(New York: Crown, 1982), 156.

6. Thomas C. Reeves,
A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy
(New York: Free Press, 1991), chap. 3, passim.

7. Reeves,
Question of Character, Forum
, paperback ed. (Rocklin, CA: Forum, 1997), 68.

8. Herbert S. Parmet,
Jack
(New York: Dial Press, 1980), 320–33.

9. Reeves,
Question of Character
, 256.

10. Arthur Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy and His Times
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), 517–37; Reeves,
Question of Character
, 261.

11. Mark J. White, ed.,
The Kennedys and Cuba: The Declassified Documentary History
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1999), quotation on 26, and “Notes on a White House Meeting, April 6, 1961.”

12. Reeves,
Question of Character
, 262.

13. Ibid., 261.

14. John H. Davis,
The Kennedys: Dynasty and Disaster
(New York: SPI, 1992 [1984]), 247.

15. Paul Johnson,
Modern Times: A History of the World from the Twenties to the Nineties
, rev. ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 624.

16. Johnson,
Modern Times
, 624.

17. White,
The Kennedys and Cuba
, 220–25.

18. Ibid., 226–29.

19. Hugh Sidey,
John F. Kennedy: Portrait of a President
(Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1965 [1964]).

20. Fred Weir, “USSR ‘Kept Secret the Deaths of First Cosmonauts,’”
The Independent
(London), April 14, 2001.

21. Scott W. Palmer, “Soviet Air-Mindedness as an Ideology of Dominance,”
Technology & Culture
, 41, January 2000, 1–26.

22. Andrew Chaikin, “White House Tapes Shed Light on JFK Space Race Legend,” www. space. com, August 22, 2001.

23. Ibid.

24. Walter A. McDougall,
The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age
(New York: Basic Books, 1985).

25. Dennis R. Jenkins,
Space Shuttle: The History of the National Space Transportation System, the First 100 Missions
(Cape Canaveral: Dennis Jenkins, 1992–2001).

26. Roger D. Launius, “NASA and the Decision to Build the Space Shuttle, 1969–1972,”
The Historian
, Autumn 1994, 17–34; Richard P. Hallion,
The Hypersonic Revolution
, vols. 1–3 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Air Force History Office, 1987, 1998); Larry Schweikart, “Hypersonic Hopes: Planning for NASP, 1982–1990,”
Air Power History
, Spring 1994, 36–48.

27. Orley Ashenfelter, “Estimating the Effects of Training Programs on Earning,”
Review of Economics and Statistics
, February 1978, 47–57.

28. Warren Brookes,
The Economy in Mind
(New York: Universe Books, 1982), 56;
New York Commerce and Finance Chronicle
, December 20, 1962.

29. Brookes,
Economy in Mind
, 58.

30. John Mueller,
The Classical Economic Case for Cutting Marginal Income Tax Rates
, House Republican Conference, Washington, D.C., February 1981. See Kennedy’s speech to the New York Economic Club, December 14, 1962.

31. Johnson,
Modern Times
, 631.

32. William J. Duiker,
Ho Chi Minh
(New York: Hyperion, 2000).

33. Mark Haefele, “John F. Kennedy, USIA and World Opinion,”
Diplomatic History
, 25, Winter 2001.

34.
Reporting Vietnam, Part One: American Journalism, 1959–1969
(New York: Library of America, 1998), 56.

35. John P. Roche, “The Demise of Liberal Internationalism,”
National Review
, May 3, 1985, 26–44.

36. Ibid., 40.

37. John Newman,
JFK and Vietnam
(New York: Warner Books, 1992); David Kaiser,
American Tragedy: Kennedy, Johnson and the Origins of the Vietnam War
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2000).

38. Lawrence S. Wittner,
Cold War America from Hiroshima to Watergate
(New York: Praeger, 1974), 226–227.

39. Kennedy quoted in Wittner,
Cold War America
, 229.

40. Ellen J. Hammer,
A Death in November
(New York: Oxford, 1987), 197.

41. Stanley Karnow, “The Fall of the House of Ngo Dinh,”
Reporting Vietnam
, 94.

42. William Colby with James McCargor,
Lost Victory: A Firsthand Account of America’s Sixteen-Year Involvement in Vietnam
(Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1989), 158.

43. See Henry Trewhitt,
McNamara
(New York: Harper & Row, 1971); Robert McNamara,
The Essence of Security
(New York: Prager, 1968); William W. Kaufman,
The McNamara Strategy
(New York: Harper & Row, 1964); Larry Schweikart, “Robert McNamara,” in Larry Schweikart, ed.,
The Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: Banking and Finance Since 1913
(New York: Facts on File, 1990), 251–67.

44. H. R. McMaster,
Dereliction of Duty: Johnson, McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam
(New York: HarperPerennial Library, 1998 [1997]).

45. Gerald Posner,
Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK
(New York: Random House, 1993). The literature on the Kennedy assassination is vast. For only a small sample, see Josiah Thompson,
Six Seconds in Dallas: A Micro-Study of the Kennedy Assassination
(New York: Bernard Greis, 1967); Sylvia Meagher,
Accessories After the Fact: The Warren Commission, the Authorities, and the Report
(New York: Vintage, 1976); Mark Lane,
Rush to Judgment
(New York: Holt, Rinehart 1966); Edward Jay Epstein,
Inquest: The Warren Commission and the Establishment of Truth
(New York: Viking, 1966); Harold Weisberg,
Whitewash
, 4 vols. (Hyattstown-Frederick, Maryland: H. Weisberg, 1965–1975); Robert G. Blakey and Richard N. Billings,
Fatal Hour: The Assassination of President Kennedy by Organized Crime
(New York: Berkeley, 1992); John H. Davis,
Mafia Kingfish: Carlos Marcello and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy
, 2d ed. (New York: Signet, 1989); Jim Garrison,
On the Trail of the Assassins: My Investigation and Prosecution of the Murder of President Kennedy
(New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988); Robert J. Groden and Harrison Edward Livingstone,
High Treason: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, What Really Happened
(Baltimore: Conservatory, 1989); Bonar Menninger,
Mortal Error: The Shot That Killed JFK
(New York: St. Martin’s, 1992); David Lifton,
Best Evidence: Disguise and Deception in the Assassination of John F. Kennedy
(New York: Carroll & Graf, 1992). The first historian to examine the evidence was Michael L. Kurtz,
Crime of the Century: The Kennedy Assassination from a Historian’s Perspective
, 2d ed. (Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1993).

46. Doris Kearns Goodwin,
Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream
(New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 177–78.

47. Tindall and Shi,
America
, 2:1520; Robert Caro,
The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power
(New York: Knopf, 1982) and his
The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Means of Ascent
(New York: Knopf, 1990 [1989]); Paul Conkin,
Big Daddy from the Pedernales: Lyndon Baines Johnson
(Boston: Twayne, 1986); Joseph Califano Jr.,
The Triumph and Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years
(College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000).

48. Paul F. Boller Jr.,
Presidential Wives
(New York: Oxford, 1988), 387.

49. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 872.

50. Rick Perlstein,
Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of American Consensus
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2000).

51. See the reprints of news clippings from Greensboro papers in “A Sit-Down Becomes a Standoff,” in McClellan,
Historical Moments
, 2:394–99.

52. Dick Cluster, ed.,
They Should Have Served That Cup of Coffee: Seven Radicals Remember the’ 60s
(Boston: South End Press, 1979).

53. Diane McWhorter,
Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001); Robert Weems,
Desegregating the Dollar: African-American Consumerism in the Twentieth Century
(New York: New York University Press, 1998).

54. Lee S. Duemer, “Balancing the Books: Economic Incentives for Integration in the 1960s,”
Southern Studies
, New Series, 7, Summer/Fall 1996, 79–90.

55. Goldfield, et al.,
American Journey
, 932.

56. Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream,” August 18, 1963, in McClellan,
Changing Interpretations
, 399–402.

57. Ibid.

58. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” available online at http://almaz.com/ nobel/peace/MLKjail. html.

59. Despite the fact that King was probably the only prominent American to be under surveillance by the KGB and the FBI simultaneously, Soviet records produced no evidence of communist influence on him. See Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Sword and the Shield
, 290.

60. Tindall and Shi,
America
, 2:1513.

61. D. L. Lewis,
King: A Critical Biography
(New York: Praeger, 1970); Michael W. Miles,
The Radical Probe: The Logic of Student Rebellion
(New York: Atheneum, 1971).

62. Daniel Pipes, “How Elijah Muhammad Won,” online at http://www.danielpipes.org/article/341.

63. Jordan and Litwack,
United States
, 724.

64. Hugh Davis Graham,
The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).

65. Stephen F. Lawson,
Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America Since 1941
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 191).

66. Goldfield,
American Journey
, 951.

67. Ibid., 961.

68. Jonathan J. Bean, “‘Burn, Baby, Burn’: Small Business in the Urban Riots of the 1960s,”
Independent Review
, 5, Fall 2000, 165–88.

69. Spencer Crump,
Black Riot in Los Angeles: The Story of the Watts Tragedy
(Los Angeles: Trans-Anglo Books, 1966), 21.

70. Martin Luther King,
Strength to Love
(New York: Harper and Row, 1963); the “Mountaintop” sermon appears in
American Sermons: The Pilgrims to Martin Luther King Jr.
(New York: Library of America, 1999).

71. Charles Murray,
Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980
(New York: Basic Books, 1984), 24.

72. Wittner,
Cold War America
, 239.

73. Ibid.

74. Murray,
Losing Ground
, 129.

75. See Murray’s figures 9.2 and 9.3,
Losing Ground
, 130–31.

76. Patrick F. Fagan and Robert Rector, “The Effects of Divorce on America,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, #1373, June 5, 2000, chart 3, “Divorces per 100 Marriages,” 3; George Gilder,
Sexual Suicide
(New York: Quadrangle, 1973).

77. Murray,
Losing Ground
, passim.

78. Irwin Garfinkle and Robert Haveman, with the assistance of David Betson, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, “Earnings Capacity, Poverty, and Inequality,” Institute for Research on Poverty Monograph Series (New York: Academic Press, 1977); George Gilder,
Wealth and Poverty
(New York: Basic Books, 1981).

79. Mary E. Corcoran and Ajay Chaudry, “The Dynamics of Childhood Poverty,”
The Future of Children
, 7, no. 2, 1997, 40–54; Fagan and Rector, “Effects of Divorce,” chart 9, “Median Income of Families with Children by Family Structure,” 11.