A History of the Crusades (60 page)

1261

(25 July) Greeks reoccupy Constantinople

1265–6

Crusade of Charles of Anjou to southern Italy

1266

(26 Feb.) Battle of Benevento

1268

(18 May) Fall of Antioch to Mamluks

1268

(23 Aug.) Battle of Tagliacozzo

1269–72

Second Crusade of St Louis

1269

Aragonese crusade to Palestine

1270

(25 Aug.) Death of St Louis in Tunisia

1271–2

Edward of England in Palestine

1274

(18 May) Crusade decree
Constitutiones pro zelofidei
of Second Council of Lyons

c
.1275

Foundation of the Order of Santa María de España

1277

(Sept.) Vicar of Charles of Anjou, who had bought crown of Jerusalem from a pretender, arrives in Acre. Kingdom of Jerusalem split.

1282

(30 Mar.) Sicilian Vespers

1283–1302

Crusade against Sicilians and Aragonese

1285

French Crusade against Aragon

1286

(4 June) Kingdom of Jerusalem reunited under King Henry II of Cyprus

1287

(18 June) Crusade to the East of Alice of Blois

1288

Crusade to the East of John of Grailly

1289

(26 Apr.) Tripoli falls to the Mamluks

1290

Crusades to East of Otto of Grandson and North Italians

1291

(18 May) Acre falls to the Mamluks

(July) Sidon and Beirut fall

(Aug.) Christians evacuate Tortosa and Château Pélerin

1302

Muslims take island of Ruad from Templars

Latin rule in Jubail probably ends

(31 Aug.) Treaty of Caltabellotta

1306

Hospitallers begin invasion of Rhodes

1306–7

Crusade against followers of Fra Dolcino in Piedmont

1307

Crusade proclaimed in support of Charles of Valois’s claims to Constantinople

(13 Oct.) Arrest of all Templars in France

1309

Popular Crusade

Teutonic Order moves headquarters to Marienburg in Prussia

1309–10

Castilian and Aragonese Crusade in Spain

Crusade against Venice

1310

Hospitaller Crusade consolidates hold on Rhodes

1311

Hospitaller headquarters now established on Rhodes

(15 Mar.) Battle of Halmyros (River Kephissos). Catalan Company assumes control of Athens and Thebes

1312

(3 Apr.) Order of the Knights Templar suppressed

(2 May) Pope Clement V grants most Templar properties to the Hospitallers

1314

Crusade in Hungary (renewed 1325, 1332, 1335, 1352, 1354)

(18 Mar.) The last Templar master, James of Molay, and Geoffrey of Charney burnt

1317

Foundation of the Order of Montesa

1319

Foundation of the Order of Christ

1320

Second Crusade of the Shepherds

1321

Crusade against Ferrara, Milan and the Ghibellines in the march of Ancona and duchy of Spoleto (extended to cover Mantua in 1324)

1323

Norwegian Crusade against the Russians in Finland

1325

Crusade in Poland (renewed 1340, 1343, 1351, 1354, 1355, 1363, 1369)

1327

Crusade planned against Cathars in Hungary

1328

Crusade proclaimed against King Louis IV of Germany

Crusade in Spain

1330

Crusade planned against Catalan Athens

1331

New Crusade to the East proclaimed

1332–4

First Crusade League

1334

Ships of Crusade League defeat Turks in Gulf of Adramyttion

1337

Ayas falls to Mamluks

1340

Crusade against heretics in Bohemia

(30 Oct.) Battle of River Salado

1342–4

Siege of Algeçiras

1344

Crusade to Canary Islands planned

(28 Oct.) Crusade League occupies Smyrna

1345–7

Crusade of Humbert, dauphin of Viennois

1345

Crusade of Genoese to defend Kaffa against the Mongols

1348

Crusade of King Magnus of Sweden to Finland (renewed 1350, 1351)

1349–50

Siege of Gibraltar

1353–7

Crusade to regain control of the Papal State in Italy

1354

Proposal of crusade to Africa

Crusade against Cesena and Faenza

1359

Crusade League defeats Turks at Lampsakos

1360

Crusade against Milan (renewed 1363, 1368)

1365–7

Crusade of King Peter I of Cyprus

1365

(10 Oct.) Alexandria taken and held for six days by Peter of Cyprus

1366

(Aug.–Dec.) Crusade of Amadeus of Savoy to Dardanelles and Bulgaria

1374

Hospitallers take over defence of Smyrna

1377

Achaea leased to the Hospitallers for five years, leading to the rule of the Navarrese Company

1378

Capture of the Hospitaller master Juan Fernández de Heredia by the Albanians

1379

Navarrese Company takes Thebes

1383

Crusade of the bishop of Norwich against the Clementists in Flanders

1386

Crusade of John of Gaunt in Castile

Union of Poland and Lithuania. The conversion of Lithuania to Christianity under way

1390

Crusade to Mahdia

1394

Crusade of Nicopolis proclaimed

1396

Crusade of Nicopolis

(25 Sept.) Battle of Nicopolis

1398

Crusade to defend Constantinople proclaimed (renewed 1399, 1400)

1399–1403

Crusade of John Boucicaut

1402

(Dec.) Smyrna falls to Tamerlane

1410

(15 July) Battle of Tannenberg

1420–31

Hussite Crusades

1420

First Hussite Crusade

1421

Second Hussite Crusade

1422

Third Hussite Crusade

1426

(7 July) Battle of Khirokitia

1427

Fourth Hussite Crusade

1431

Fifth Hussite Crusade

1432

Greek despot of Morea takes over the principality of Achaea

1440–44

Mamluks attack Rhodes

1443

(1 Jan.) Crusade of Varna proclaimed

1444

Crusade of Varna

(19 Nov.) Crusaders defeated at Varna

1453

(29 May) Constantinople falls to Turks

(30 Sept.) Proclamation of a new Crusade to East (renewed 1455)

1454

(17 Feb.) Feast of the Pheasant in Lille

1455

Genoese Crusade to defend Chios

1456

Crusade of St John of Capistrano

(4 June) Athens occupied by Turks

(22 July) Defence of Belgrade by crusaders under John Hunyadi and St John of Capistrano

1457

Papal fleet takes Samothrace, Thasos and Lemnos

1459–60

Crusade congress at Mantua

1459

Foundation of the Order of Bethlehem

1460

(14 Jan.) Proclamation of Crusade of Pope Pius II

1462

Lesbos falls to Turks

1464

(15 Aug.) Pope Pius II dies waiting for crusade to muster at Ancona

1470

Negroponte falls to Turks

1471

(31 Dec.) Crusade proclaimed

1472

Crusade League attacks Antalya and Smyrna

1480

(23 May–late Aug.) Turks besiege Rhodes

(11 Aug.) Turks take Otranto

1481

(8 Apr.) Crusade proclaimed to regain Otranto

(10 Sept.) Otranto recovered from Turks

1482–92

Crusade in Spain

1487

Malaga falls to Spaniards

1489

Baza, Almería and Guadix fall to Spaniards

End of monarchy in Cyprus

1490–2

Siege of Granada

1490

Congress in Rome plans a new crusade

1492

(2 Jan.) Granada falls to Spanish crusaders

1493

Crusade in Hungary

1499–1510

Spanish crusade in North Africa (1497 Melilla; 1505 Mers el-Kebir; 1508 Canary Islands; 1509 Oran; 1510 Rock of Algiers, Bougie and Tripoli)

1499

Turks take Lepanto

1500

Turks take Coron and Modon

(1 June) Crusade proclaimed

1512–17

Fifth Lateran Council discusses crusading

1513

Crusade proclaimed in eastern Europe

1516–17

Ottoman conquest of Egypt

1517

(11 Nov.) Crusade proclaimed

1520

(June) Field of Cloth of Gold: the kings of France and England meet on preparations for a new crusade

1522

(July–18 Dec.) Siege of Rhodes, ending in surrender of Rhodes to Turks

1523

(1 Jan.) Hospitallers leave Rhodes

1525

Albert of Brandenburg, Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order, adopts Lutheranism

1529

(26 Sept.–Oct.) First Ottoman siege of Vienna

1530

(2 Feb.) Crusade proclaimed

(23 Mar.) Hospitallers given Malta and Tripoli in North Africa by the Emperor Charles V (as king of Sicily)

1535

(June–July) Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Tunis

1537–8

Crusade League to eastern Mediterranean

1538

(27 Sept.) Fleet of Crusade League defeated off Prevéza

1540

Nauplia and Monemvasia fall to Turks

1541

(Oct.–Nov.) Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Algiers

1550

(June–Sept.) Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Mahdia

1551

(14 Aug.) Hospitallers surrender Tripoli to the Turks

1562

Gotthard Kettler, master of Teutonic Order in Livonia, adopts Lutheranism and becomes a duke

Foundation of the Order of Santo Stefano

1565

(19 May–8 Sept.) Great Siege of Malta by Turks

1566

Chios falls to Turks