A Higher Form of Killing (52 page)

 
“Had we . . . Ypres.”: Deimling,
Aus der alten in die neue Zeit
, p. 203.

 
“proudly . . . outfit.’ ”: Otto Lumitsch,
Memoir of Haber
, July/August 1955, MPG,Va5/HC/1480.

 
“the fact . . . suicide.”: James Franck’s memories of the Habers, April 1958, MPG, Va5 1449.

 
“despair . . . animals.”: Quoted Charles,
Between Genius and Genocide
, p. 166.

“the words . . . I suffer.”: Haber’s letter of June 12, 1915, MPG,Va5/HC/856.

 
A lurid account of Clara Haber discovering her husband with Charlotte Nathan (who would become Haber’s second wife) is on MPG, Va5/HC/260.

 
“to give . . . comrades.”: Quoted Charles,
Between Genius and Genocide
, p. 171.

 
“to imagine defeat.”: F. Haber,
Funf Vortraege
, p. 36.

 
“psychological imponderables . . . from being . . . people . . . more . . . destruction.”: Ibid.

The Allies . . . asphyxiation.”: Quotes in this paragraph are from Haldane’s letter of April 27,1915, to Lord Kitchener reprinted in the
Guardian
, April 29, 1915.

 
“have prevented . . . line . . . the gaseous . . . warfare”:
New York Tribune
, April 25, 1915.

 
“the terrors . . . gas . . . the seeming . . . battle . . . coldly . . . undismayed.”:
Windsor Evening Record.

 
“Prehistoric Methods.”:
Bassano Mail
,
June 1, 1915.

“burned down . . . warning . . . effects . . . murderous”:
Le Matin
, April 27, 1915.

 
“the whole . . . combine . . . turned . . . barbarity . . . had the monopoly . . . respected . . . signed.”:
La Croix
,

 
“The Germans . . . beforehand . . . atrocious . . . name.”:
Times
, April 29, 1915.

 
“I had . . . murder.”: trooper in the Fourth Dragoon Guards quoted L. James,
Warrior Race
, p. 478.

“The disapproval . . . weapons . . . smoke . . . acid”: F. Haber,
Funf Vortraege
, p. 34.

 
“Apparently . . . troops.”: Sir John French’s report of April 23, 1915, WO 142/240.

 
“contrary . . . war . . . of the degraded Germans”: Lord Kitchener, April 24, 1915, WO 142–240.

 
“on the recent . . . gases . . . As the . . . Convention.”: CAB 37/127/40.

 
“A face . . . the pad”:
Times
, April 28, 1915.

 
“You can’t . . . retire . . . We’d had . . . towards Ypres.”: Sergeant Jack Dorgan, Arthur,
Forgotten Voices of the Great War
, p. 82.

 
“make . . . push . . . the area . . . shell-fire.”: Quoted A. J . Smithers,
The Man Who Disobeyed
, p. 253.

 
“had abundance . . . troops . . . vigorously . . . the French.”: Quoted Dancocks,
Welcome to Flanders Fields
, p. 322.

 
“command . . . about Ypres”: Quoted Smithers,
The Man Who Disobeyed
, p. 257.

 
“in . . . agreement . . . as to . . . done.”: Quoted Moore,
Gas Attack!
, p. 49.

 
“what . . . death trap.”: General Sir Douglas Haig’s diary, April 30, 1915, given in Private Papers of Douglas Haig 1914–19, p. 92.

 
“Clean killing . . . comprehensible . . . but . . . the hill.”: Quoted Moore,
Gas Attack!
, p. 51.

CHAPTER ELEVEN—“SOLOMON”S TEMPLE”

Because this book is for the general reader, I have not given sources for each individual quote from passengers and crew of the
Lusitania
and others in this and the three subsequent chapters—twelve, thirteen, and fourteen—except where it is unclear who is speaking or where the quote is significant for understanding what happened. However, the main sources for those whose words are not always referenced are given below. Full details of the sources are in the bibliography.

         
Passengers:

         
Oliver Bernard: Account in his book
Cocksparrow
;
articles in the
Royal Magazine
, September 1915 and
Current Opinion
;
correspondence in the Imperial War Museum.

         
Charles Bowring: Mayer (T).

         
Norah Bretherton: NARA.

         
Avis Dolphin (married name Foley): BBC; Mariners’ Museum, Newport News.

         
Elizabeth Duckworth: Imperial War Museum; Mariners’ Museum, Newport News(personal account and letters from son-in-law).

         
Mabel Henshaw: CBC interview.

         
Ian Holbourn: Mariners’ Museum, Newport News (letter from wife) and account in his book
The Isle of Foula.

         
Charles Lauriat: Account in his book
The
“
Lusitania’
s”
Last Voyage
and
Mayer (T).

         
Ethel Lines: Mariners’ Museum, Newport News.

         
Florence Padley: Mariners’ Museum, Newport News.

         
Amy Pearl: NARA.

         
Audrey Pearl: Author’s interview.

         
Major Warren Pearl: NARA.

         
Theodate Pope: Mariners’ Museum, Newport News.

         
Charlotte Pye: CBC interview.

         
Viscountess Rhondda (Lady Mackworth): Mariners’ Museum, Newport News; her article in the
Spectator
, May 5, 1928; account in her book
This Was My World.

         
Crew:

         
R. Clark: BBC interview.

         
Ben Holton: BBC interview.

         
Hugh Johnston: BBC interview, Mersey (TO) and Mariners’ Museum, Newport News.

         
Leslie Morton: BBC interview; Mariners’ Museum, Newport News and Mersey (T); account in his book
The Long Wake.

         
George Wynne: BBC interview.

 
“The fact is . . . can get near her.”:
New York World
,
May 2, 1915.

 
“mighty good care . . . nothing to fear.”:
New York Times
,
May 2, 1915.

 
“1 May . . . 8 May”: information dated April 26, 1915, Germany Military Archive Freiburg, RM2/1962. (In German: “1. Mai: D. Lusitania, englisch, 30,396 R. T. nach Liverpool, an etwa 8 Mai.)

 
“Large English . . . warships.”: War diary of H. Bauer, German Military Archive, Freiburg.

 
“When . . . to it.”: J. Spiess quoted in L. Thomas,
Raiders of the Deep
,
p. 89.

 
“enough to give you a headache . . . over.”: J. Spiess quoted in ibid., p. 29.

 
“the real pirates of old days.”: Quoted K. Neureuther and C. Bergen,
U-Boat Stories
,
p. 17.

 
“the moisture . . . sleeper.”: J. Spiess quoted in Compton-Hall,
Submarine Boats
,
p. 176.

“In the dim glow . . . the commander.”: Quoted Neureuther and Bergen,
U-Boat Stories
, p. 12.

         
“foaming masses . . . more calm.”: Ibid., p. 13.

 
“the magical green light”: Ibid.

 
“stare . . . in the turret.”: Forstner,
Journal,
p. 16.

 
“infernal . . . water.”: Quoted Neureuther and Bergen,
U-Boat Stories
,
p. 13.

 
“peculiar thrill and nervous sensation”: Quoted Thomas,
Raiders of the Deep
,
p. 12.

 
“a gigantic mouse-trap.”: Quoted Neureuther and Bergen,
U-Boat Stories
,
p. 55.