A Durable Peace (60 page)

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Authors: Benjamin Netanyahu

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This is the great mystery that made the story of the Jews so captivating to Rousseau and Byron, Balfour and Wilson, and to
countless millions the world over. Speaking for these, Mark Twain wondered:

The Jews constitute but one percent of the human race. It suggests a nebulous dim puff of Stardust lost in the blaze of the
Milky Way. Properly the Jew ought hardly to be heard of; but he is heard of, has always been heard of. He is as prominent
on the planet as any other people.… He has made a marvelous fight in this world, in all the ages; and has done it with his
hands tied behind him…. The Egyptian, the Babylonian, and the Persian rose, filled the planet with sound and splendor, then
faded to dream-stuff and passed away; the Greek and the Roman followed,
and made a vast noise, and they are gone; other peoples have sprung up and held their torch high for a time, but it burned
out, and they sit in twilight now, or have vanished. The Jew saw them all, beat them all, and is now what he always was… All
things are mortal but the Jew; all other forces pass, but he remains. What is the secret of his immortality?
9

This fascination has only grown since the rebirth of Israel. One could point to the scattered fragments of other ancient peoples
in other parts of the world, the sparks of great firmaments dispersed to other lands. Only in the case of the Jews did these
embers not die out when the home fire had ceased to burn. And only in the case of Israel did these sparks come together to
rekindle a new flame.

But now the Jews have entered a new phase in their history. Since the rise of Israel, the essence of their aspirations has
changed. If the central aim of the Jewish people during its exile was to retrieve what had been lost, the purpose now is to
secure what has been retrieved. It is a task that has barely begun, and its outcome is of profound import not only for the
fate of the Jews but for all mankind. In the hearts of countless people around the world burns the hope that the Jews will
indeed be able to overcome the insurmountable obstacles that are strewn along their journey’s path, ford the stormy river
between annihilation and salvation, and build anew their home of promise. If, echoing the words of the prophet Amos, the fallen
tent of David has indeed risen again, its resurrection is proof that there is hope for every people and every nation under
the sun. The rebirth of Israel is thus one of humanity’s great parables. It is the story not only of the Jews, but of a human
spirit that refuses again and again to succumb to history’s horrors. It is the incomparable quest of a people seeking, at
the end of an unending march, to assume its rightful place among the nations.

CHRONOLOGY:
Zionism and the Rise of Israel
1881
Widespread pogroms in Russia reinforce Jewish national awakening.
1882
Publication of Leo Pinsker’s
Auto-Emancipation,
calling for the establishment of a Jewish state.
1882
Beginning of the first wave of Zionist immigration to Palestine.
1894
Theodor Herzl attends the trial of Alfred Dreyfus in Paris and witnesses outpouring of French anti-Semitism.
1896
Herzl’s
The Jewish State
published.
1897
Herzl convenes First Zionist Congress in Basel.
1904
Herzl dies.
1915
Joseph Trumpeldor founds Zion Mule Corps of British army in World War I, the first Jewish fighting unit in centuries.
1917
Balfour Declaration commits Britain to supporting a Jewish National Home in Palestine.
1917
British forces under General Sir Edmund Allenby liberate Palestine from the Turks. Jewish Legion
participates in freeing Galilee, Samaria, and Transjordan.
1919
Versailles Peace Conference. Wilson argues for self determination of peoples. Jewish-Arab accord: Jews claim Jewish home in
Palestine; Arabs claim Arab state from Iraq to Yemen (excluding Palestine).
1920
San Remo Conference grants Britain Mandate over Palestine with the aim of encouraging immigration and settlement of Jews and
establishment of a Jewish National Home.
1920
British officials instigate Arab riots in Palestine. Rioters demand end to Jewish immigration and incorporation of Palestine
into Syria.
1920
Vladimir Jabotinsky founds Hagana, the Jewish self-defense force, in Palestine.
1921
British decide to install Abdullah in Transjordan(eastern Palestine).
1921
Arab riots in Palestine.
1922
League of Nations officially ratifies British Mandate over Palestine with aim of building Jewish National Home.
1922
British cut away Transjordan from Palestine.
1929
Arab riots in Palestine. Massacre of Jews in Hebron and Safed. Arabs demand end to Jewish immigration.
1930
British White Paper limits Jewish immigration to Palestine.
1933
Hitler comes to power in Germany.
1936–39
Campaign of Arab violence in Palestine. Arab rioters murder five hundred Jews and thousands of Arabs, demanding an end to
Jewish immigration.
1937
British Peel Commission asserts that Jewish National Home cannot be built in Palestine. Recommends repartition of Palestine
into tiny Jewish state (5 percent of total area) and Arab state in remainder. Peel plan is rejected by both Arabs and Jews.
1938
Munich Conference and betrayal of the Czechs. Hitler is given the Sudetenland.
1939
Chamberlain White Paper announces end to Jewish National Home and promises control of immigration into Palestine to the Arabs
within five years. British blockade Palestine against “illegal” Jewish immigration.
1941
Mufti relocates to Berlin. Meets with Hitler, announces intention of creating “fascist” Arab state, and agitates for the destruction
of world Jewry.
1942
Nazi conference at Wannsee decides on destruction of all Jews in Europe.
1945
World War II ends. Liberation of the death camps where six million Jews died. Arabs demand end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.
1945
“Illegal” smuggling of Holocaust survivors into Palestine by Jews. Increase of Jewish underground actions against British
blockade and British administration in Palestine.
1947
Britain announces withdrawal from Palestine. United Nations announces partition into Jewish and Arab states. Jews accept partition;
Arabs reject it.
1948
Invasion of Arab forces aimed at preventing the establishment of the Jewish state.
1948
Declaration of independence of the State of Israel. David Ben-Gurion first prime minister.
1948–49
War of Independence. Arab armies from five countries invade Israel. Jordanian forces occupy Judea, Samaria, and eastern half
of Jerusalem, including Old City and Temple Mount, destroying all Jewish settlements. Egypt occupies Gaza. War of Independence
ends in Jewish victory.
1948–52
800,000 Jews expelled from Arab countries. Most flee to Israel and are absorbed. 650,000 Arabs flee from Israel to Arab states
and are confined to refugee camps.
1951
Yasser Arafat of the Husseini clan begins organizing Palestinian radicals in Cairo and recruits Abu Iyad, Abu Jihad, and other
future leaders of the PLO.
1952–56
Terrorist raids into Israel from adjoining Arab states, including Egyptian-sponsored fedayeen raids from Gaza. Israeli army
adopts policy of reprisals.
1956
Sinai Campaign, Oct. 29–Nov. 5. Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal and blocks Israeli shipping. Israel captures Sinai
from Egypt. Terrorist bases in Gaza dismantled.
1956
U.S.-Soviet pressure forces Israeli withdrawal from Sinai without peace treaty. Dwight Eisenhower guarantees protection of
Israeli shipping.
1964
PLO is founded in Cairo with aim of “liberating” Palestine. PLO Charter calling for Israel’s destruction adopted. Campaign
of terror attacks across Israel’s borders escalates.
1967
Egypt floods Sinai with troops and blockades Israeli shipping in the Red Sea. American guarantee to protect Israel fails to
take effect.
1967
Six Day War, June 5–10. Israel defeats combined forces of Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Jordan. Captures Sinai and Gaza, Judea and
Samaria, and the Golan Heights. Jerusalem is reunited. Jewish settlements in eastern Jerusalem, Judea, and Samaria reestablished.
1969–70
War of attrition. Egypt and Syria launch campaign of continuous attacks along Suez Canal and Golan Heights. PLO steps up terror
attacks across Jordan River. Heavy Israeli retaliation brings war to an end.
1970
Nasser dies and is succeeded by Anwar Sadat.
1970
PLO attempts to take over Jordan. King Hussein massacres Palestinian Arabs and expels PLO in “Black September.”
1971–75
PLO relocates to Lebanon and establishes de facto state on its territory, which becomes base for all
international terror organizations. PLO campaign of massacres in northern Israel.
1972
Munich massacre of Israeli Olympic athletes earns PLO international notoriety.
1973
Yom Kippur War, Oct. 5–24. Egypt and Syria launch surprise attack against Israel. Despite heavy casualties, Israeli army reverses
tide and advances toward Cairo and Damascus. Israel negotiates disengagement agreements with Egypt and Syria, setting cease-fire
lines in the Sinai and the Golan.
1973
Arab oil embargo is imposed. International oil prices rise dramatically.
1975
United Nations passes resolution defaming Zionism as racism.
1975
PLO control of Lebanon is challenged, and full-scale civil war erupts between Moslems and Christians.
1976
Syria invades Lebanon and sets up permanent control over more than half of that country.
1976
Israeli raid on Entebbe airport in Uganda, July 4, frees 103 hostages held by PLO.
1977
Likud government elected in Israel. Menachem Begin is first Likud prime minister.
1977
President Anwar Sadat of Egypt responds to Begin’s invitation and visits Israel.
1978–79
First wave of Jewish emigration from Soviet Union as result of Soviet-American détente reaches peak. All told, 200,000 Soviet
Jewish immigrants arrive in Israel.
1979
Egypt and Israel sign Camp David Accords. Israel agrees to return Sinai.
1981
Sadat is assassinated.
1982
Israeli ambassador is shot in London by PLO. Israel invades Lebanon with aim of dismantling terror bases. PLO is expelled
from Lebanon and forced to relocate in Tunis.
1984
U.S. and Israel sign strategic cooperation agreement formalizing alliance.
1985
Israel withdraws from Lebanon and establishes security zone north of Israeli-Lebanese border.
1986
U.S. takes lead in war against terror after PLO hijacks
Achille Lauro
cruise ship. Midair interception of terrorists by U.S. fighter planes.
1987
PLO banned in U.S. by law for terrorist activities.
1989–91
Collapse of Soviet Union. Second wave of Soviet immigration to Israel brings 400,000 in two years.
1990
Israeli airlift brings most of Ethiopian Jewry to Israel.
1990
Saddam Hussein of Iraq invades Kuwait.
1991
Madrid Peace Conference among Israel, Syria, Lebanon, and a Jordanian-Palestinian delegation. Bilateral and regional peace
negotiations launched.
1991
United Nations repeals Zionism-racism resolution.
1992
Labor returns to power in Israel. Yizhak Rabin becomes prime minister.
1993
Oslo Accords between Israel and the PLO signed. Israel agrees to cede most of the Gaza district and parts of the West Bank
to the control of a Palestinian Authority, headed by Yasser Arafat, in exchange for recognition of Israel and an end to Palestinian
terrorism.
1995
Peace treaty between Israel and Jordan is signed.
1994–95
Wave of terrorist bombings emanating from Palestinian areas ravages Israel’s cities and claims over 200 lives.
1996
Yitzhak Rabin assassinated. Shimon Peres becomes prime minister.
1996
Benjamin Netanyahu elected in Israel’s first direct elections for prime minister.
1997
Hebron Accords signed between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.
1998
Wye River Accords signed between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.

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