A Disease in the Public Mind (52 page)

8
. Charles B. Dew, “David Ross and the Oxford Iron Works: A Study of Industrial Slavery in the Early 19th Century South,”
William and Mary Quarterly
31 (April 1974): 189–224. Mr. Dew has published a lengthier treatment of this important subject in a book of the same title in 1995.

9
. Fogel and Engerman,
Time on the Cross
, 241.

10
. Ibid., 213.

11
. Ibid., 149.

12
. Ibid., 247–249.

13
. Ibid., 244.

14
. James L. Huston,
Calculating the Value of the Union: Slavery, Property Rights and the Economic Origins of the Civil War
(Chapel Hill, NC: 2003), 26–31.

15
. Fogel,
Without Consent or Contract
, 352–353.

CHAPTER 19: FREE SOIL FOR FREE (WHITE) MEN

1
. Foner,
The Fiery Trial
, 67. Abraham Lincoln,
Speeches, Letters, and Miscellaneous Writings, 1832–1858
, Library of America, vol. 1 (New York: 1989), 315–317.

2
. Richard H. Thornton, with Louise Hanley,
An American Glossary
, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: 1912), 67. Thornton cites among many examples a Democratic Tennessee congressman who used the term twenty-two times in a short letter to his constituents, denouncing a Pennsylvania town for naming a “Black Republican” as their postmaster.

3
. Craven,
The Coming of the Civil War
, 367–368, 374–377.

4
. Ibid., 341–343.

5
. Potter,
The Impending Crisis
, 262–264. On October 24, 1856, the
Richmond Enquirer
ran a front-page article attempting to convince readers that revolts of labor against capitol in the free states were more likely than a slave insurrection in the South. On October 17, 1856, another article declared that if the slaves were emancipated, “the loss of the cotton, sugar and rice crops now produced by Negro slavery would . . . break up commerce and starve one half the laboring whites” in Europe and America.

6
. Franklin Pierce, Fourth Annual Message, December 2, 1856, The American Presidency Project,
http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3731
.

7
. Michael Fellman,
The Making of Robert E. Lee
(New York: 2000), 79–81. Also see Elizabeth Brown Pryor,
Reading the Man: A Portrait of Robert E. Lee Through His Private Letters
(New York: 2008), 269.

8
. Villard,
John Brown
, 367–371, 383–390.

9
. For a graphic picture of the murder and mayhem that the vigilantes wreaked in California, see Charles Royster,
The Destructive War
(New York: 1991), 134–136.

10
. Reynolds,
John Brown
, 208–238.

11
. Ibid., 239–240.

CHAPTER 20: THE WHOLE WORLD IS WATCHING

1
. Potter,
The Impending Crisis
, 320–322.

2
. Craven,
The Coming of the Civil War
, 381–384.

3
. Foner,
The Fiery Trial
, 99–103. Also see Lincoln,
Speeches
, vol. 1, 426–427.

4
. Guelzo,
Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation
, 27.

5
. Potter,
The Impending Crisis
, 340–342.

6
. Orville Vernon Burton,
The Age of Lincoln
(New York: 2007), 113–114.

7
. Craven,
The Coming of the Civil W
ar, 393.

8
. Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 271–272.

9
. Fellman,
The Making of Robert E. Lee
, 70–71.

10
. Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 270–272.

11
. Fellman,
The Making of Robert E. Lee
, 67.

12
. Freeman,
R. E. Lee
, 400–402.

13
. Lawrence S. Barmann, S. J., “John Brown at Harpers Ferry: A Contemporary Analysis,”
West Virginia History Journal
22, no. 2 (April 1961): 5.

14
. Ibid., 6. Also see Reynolds,
John Brown
, 416.

15
.
Richmond Enquirer
, December 2, 1859.

16
. Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 283.

17
. Reynolds,
John Brown
, 412–413.

18
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 494–498. Mayer, Garrison's best biographer, describes his eulogy of Brown as a veritable epic of spiritual “dishevelment,” 502.

19
. Oliver Carlson,
The Man Who Made News: James Gordon Bennett
(New York: 1952), 275. Bennett predicted that Brown's raid was “the first act of a terrible drama.”

20
. Brian McGinty,
John Brown's Trial
(Cambridge, MA: 2009), 224–226.

21
. Villard,
John Brown
, 164.

22
. McGinty,
John Brown's Trial
, 252–253.

23
. Villard,
John Brown
, 563–564. Poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote that the day of Brown's execution would be “the date of a new Revolution—quite as much needed as the old one.”

24
. James Redpath,
The Public Life of Captain John Brown: With an Autobiography of his Childhood and Youth
(Boston: 1860), dedication. Phillips declared that George Washington “would be proud to welcome Brown” beside him in his grave.

25
. Renehan,
The Secret Six
, 222–224.

26
. Ibid., 227–228.

27
. Reynolds,
John Brown
, 342.

28
. Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 281–282.

29
. Reynolds,
John Brown
, 405–406.

30
. McGinty,
John Brown's Trial
, 256–257. Brown kissed the two-year-old son of his kindhearted jailer, John Avis, as he left the prison.

31
. Renehan,
The Secret Six
, 246–251.

CHAPTER 21: AN EX-PRESIDENT TRIES TO SAVE THE UNION

1
. New York Democratic Vigilant Association,
Rise and Progress of the Bloody Outbreak at Harpers Ferry
, vol. 63, p. 16, Google e-book. Reynolds,
John Brown
, 359. Walter Stahr,
Seward: Lincoln's Indispensable Man
(New York: 2012), 180. The accomplice was a British soldier of fortune, Hugh Forbes, who withdrew from Brown's scheme and predicted it would end in disaster.

2
. William B. Hesseltine, ed.,
Three Against Lincoln: Murat Halstead Reports the Caucuses of 1860
(Baton Rouge, LA: 1960). Allen Johnson,
Stephen A. Douglas: A Study in American Politics
(New York: 1908), 415–428.

3
. Proceedings of the Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore, Published by Order of the National Democratic Convention (Maryland Institute, Baltimore), 120–129, 139–147, 151–155,
http://books.google.com/books/about/Proceedings_of_the_conventions_at_Charle.html?id=qhZQAAAAYAAJ
. Also see Philip S. Klein,
President James Buchanan: A Biography
(University Park, PA: 1962), 340–344, titled “Democracy Dividing.” Newspaperman Murat Halstead wrote: “Douglas was the pivotal figure. Every delegate was for him or against him.”

4
. Proceedings of the Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore, 231–235.

5
. “Astounding Triumph of Republicanism,”
New York Times
, November 7, 1860.

6
. Clavin,
Toussaint Louverture
, 62–64.

7
.
Charleston Mercury
, December 21, 1860.

8
. B. P. Gallaway,
Texas: The Dark Corner of the Confederacy
(Lincoln, NE: 1972), 10. James M. McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
(New York: 1988), 237.

9
. Constitution of the Confederate States, March 11, 1861, Avalon Project, Yale Law School.

10
. Freeman,
R. E. Lee
, 412. Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 284.

11
. Fellman,
The Making of Robert E. Lee
, 84.

12
. Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 285.

13
. Freeman,
R. E. Lee
, 425.

14
. Ibid., 417. Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 287.

15
. William B. Hesseltine,
Lincoln and the War Governors
(New York: 1948), 110.

16
. Seager,
And Tyler Too
, 444–445. Also see Roark et al.,
The American Promise: A Compact History
, vol. 1 (New York: 2000), 310. Blacks outnumbered whites in South Carolina and Mississippi (U.S. Census Office, 1860, Population [Washington, DC: 1864]).

17
. Seager,
And Tyler Too
, 446.

18
. Ibid., 447–451.

19
. Crapol,
John Tyler
, 261–262.

20
. Seager,
And Tyler Too
, 456.

21
. Crapol,
John Tyler
, 262.

22
. Ibid., 264. Seager,
And Tyler Too
, 450–451.

23
. Ibid., 470–471.

CHAPTER 22: THE ANGUISH OP ROBERT E. LEE

1
. Charles Francis Adams Jr., “The Reign of King Cotton,”
The Atlantic
(1861),
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/print/1861/04/the-reign-of-king-cotton/8740
.

2
. A. R. Boteler, “Mr. Lincoln and the Force Bill,” in
The Annals of the War Written by Leading Participants North and South
, edited by Alexander Kelly McClure (Philadelphia: 1879), 220–227.

3
. Abraham Lincoln,
Speeches, Letters, and Miscellaneous Writings, 1859–1865
, Library of America, vol. 2 (New York: 1989), 215–224. Also see Stahr,
Seward
, 240–241.

4
. Seager,
And Tyler Too
, 461.

5
. Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 288.

6
. Freeman,
R. E. Lee
, 432–433.

7
. Shelby Foote,
The Civil War: A Narrative
, vol. 1 (New York: 1986), 47.

8
. Lincoln,
Speeches
, vol. 2, 232–233.

9
. Hesseltine,
Lincoln and the War Governors
, 148–149.

10
. Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 285–291.

11
. Freeman,
R. E. Lee
, 440–441.

12
. Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 289–291.

CHAPTER 23: THE END OF ILLUSIONS

1
. Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 294.

2
.
Alexandria Gazette
, April 20, 1861. Freeman,
R. E. Lee
, 445–449, 450.

3
. Emory M. Thomas,
Robert E. Lee: A Biography
(New York: 1995), 189.

4
. Scott Sumpter Sheads and Daniel Carroll Toomey,
Baltimore During the Civil War
(Linthicum: 1997), Maryland Room, Enoch Pratt Library, Baltimore, MD. John Lockwood and Charles Lockwood,
The Siege of Washington: The Untold Story of the Twelve Days That Shook the Union
(New York: 2011), 89.

5
. Ibid., 111–125. Also see “Museum Stands Near Attack Site,”
Washington Times
, December 15, 2001.

6
. “John Brown's Body, Battle Hymn of the Republic,” Library of Congress,
http://www.loc.gov/teachers/lyrical/songs/john_brown.html
.

7
. Daniel W. Barefoot,
Let Us Die Like Brave Men: Behind the Dying Words of Confederate Warriors
(Winston-Salem, NC: 2005), 6.

8
.
New York Tribune
, June 26, 1861.

9
. Lincoln, Special Session Message, July 4, 1861.

10
. Edward S. Ellis,
Camp-Fires of General Lee: Reminiscences of the March, the Camp, the Bivouac and of Personal Adventure
, chap. 5 (Philadelphia: 1886),
http://leearchive.wlu.edu/reference/books/ellis/05.html
. Also see Carl Sandburg,
The Prairie Years and The War Years
(New York: 2002), 302.

11
. Craven,
The Coming of the Civil War
, 411–412.

12
. Edward Porter Alexander,
Fighting For the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander
, edited by Gary Gallagher (Chapel Hill, NC: 1989), 57. William Davis,
First Blood: Fort Sumter to Bull Run
(Alexandria, VA: 1983), 143.

13
. Davis,
First Blood
, 138–139.

14
. Ibid., 148–150. Alexander,
Fighting for the Confederacy
, 58. Alexander thought the Confederates should have pursued the Federals.