A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons (56 page)

15
Neuman de Vegvar, ‘Travelling Twins’, 1999.

16
Bassett, ed.,
Origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms
, 1989, p. 63.

17
Reynolds,
Kingdoms and Communities
, 1984, p. 250.

18
Chaney,
Cult of Kingship
, 1970, p. 118.

19
Rollason,
Northumbria, 500–1100
, 2003, p. 62.

20
Ibid., p. 77

21
Blair,
Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
, 2005, p. 26.

22
Rollason,
Northumbria, 500–1100
, 2003, p. 6.

23
Ibid., p. 64.

24
Chaney,
Cult of Kingship
, 1970, p. 74.

25
Ibid., p. 11.

26
Talbot,
Anglo-Saxon Missionaries
, 1981, p. 231.

27
Chaney,
Cult of Kingship
, 1970, pp. 1–3.

28
Ibid., p. 3.

29
Gifford and Gifford, ‘Alfred’s New Longships’, 2003, p. 282.

Chapter 2 – The Southern Kingdoms
AD
600–800

J. M. Wallace-Hadrill’s
Early Germanic Kingship in England and on the Continent
(1971) is essential reading, along with Bassett’s
Origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms
(1989). Also recommended is T. M. Charles-Edwards
After Rome
(2003). For this and the next chapter D. P. Kirby’s
The Earliest English Kings
(2000) and. Barbara Yorke’s
Kings and Kingdoms in Early England
(1990) are recommended.

1
Charles-Edwards,
After Rome
, 2003, p. 128.

2
Blair,
Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
, 2005, p. 70, n.

3
Kelly, ‘Literacy in Anglo-Saxon Lay Society’, 1990, p. 58.

4
John,
Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England
, 1996, p. 18.

5
See Wallace-Hadrill,
Early Germanic Kingship
, 1971, p. 32.

6
Stancliffe and Cambridge, eds,
Oswald
, 1995, p. 27.

7
Higham, ‘Dynasty and Cult’, 1999, p. 104.

8
Campbell, ‘United Kingdom of England’, 1995, p. 35.

9
Bede’s Ecclesiastical History
, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, 1969, p. 50, n. 2.

10
Wallace-Hadrill,
Early Germanic Kingship
, 1971, p. 36.

11
Wormald,
Making of English Law
, 1999, p. 94.

12
Whitelock, ed.,
English Historical Documents
, I, 1979.

13
Blair,
Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
, 2005, pp. 177–9.

14
See Wallace-Hadrill,
Early Germanic Kingship
, 1971, p. 85.

15
See N. Faulkner, ‘Swords’,
Current Archaeology
, 192, 2004, p. 550.

16
Ibid., p. 560.

17
Campbell,
Anglo-Saxon State
, 2000, p. xxviii.

18
Based on Swanton,
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
, 1996, p. 54, notes.

Chapter 3 – Northumbria: The Star in the North

As will be apparent from the notes, this chapter owes much to David Rollason’s
Northumbria 500–1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom
(2003) and to
Northumbria’s Golden Age
(1999), edited by Jane Hawkes and Susan Mills and their collaborators. Also recommended are the titles by Kirby and Yorke, mentioned above under
chapter 2
.

1
Rollason,
Northumbria, 500–1100
, 2003, p. 64.

2
Charles-Edwards,
After Rome
, 2003, p. 37.

3
Stancliffe and Cambridge, eds,
Oswald
, 1995, p. 71.

4
Blair,
Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
, 2005, pp. 54–6.

5
Bede,
Ecclesiastical History
, II, 14.

6
Rollason,
Northumbria, 500–1100
, 2003, p. 100.

7
Stancliffe and Cambridge, eds,
Oswald
, 1995, pp. 80–81.

8
Ibid., p. 51.

9
Chaney,
Cult of Kingship
, 1970, p. 117.

10
Stancliffe and Cambridge, eds,
Oswald
, 1995, p. 100, citing E. Salin,
La civilisation mérovingienne d’après les sépultures, les texts et le laboratoire
, Picard, 1952.

11
Current Archaeology
, 163, June 1999.

12
Attwater,
Penguin Dictionary of Saints
, 1979, p. 96.

13
Campbell,
Anglo-Saxon State
, 2000, p. 74.

14
Blair,
Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
, 2005, p. 284.

15
Kabir,
Paradise, Death and Doomsday
, 2001, p. 12.

16
Ibid., p. 149.

17
Rollason,
Northumbria, 500–1100
, 2003, p. 183.

18
Lang, ‘Imagery of the Franks Casket’, 1999.

19
Kendrick,
Anglo-Saxon Art
, 1938, p. 119, cited in Hawkes and Mills, eds,
Northumbria’s Golden Age
, 1999, p. 1.

20
Talbot,
Anglo-Saxon Missionaries
, 1981, p. 155.

21
For a fuller discussion of Ruthwell and related matters see Hawkes and Mills, eds,
Northumbria’s Golden Age
, 1999.

22
Brown,
Lindisfarne Gospels
, 2003.

23
Michelli, ‘Lindisfarne Gospels’, 1999, p. 357.

24
Rollason,
Northumbria, 500–1100
, 2003, p. 143 and, for the rest of this paragraph, pp. 144–6.

Chapter 4 – The Mercian Sphere

Here a special debt is owed to the contributors in
Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe
(2001) under the editorship of Michelle P. Brown and Carol A. Farr. Ann Dornier’s
Mercian Studies
(1977) is a classic and a useful survey is to be found in Ian Walker’s
Mercia and the Making of England
(2000).

1
Blair,
Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
, 2005, p. 287.

2
Featherstone, ‘Tribal Hidage and the Ealdormen of Mercia’, 2001.

3
Bassett, ed.,
Origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms
, 1989, p. 170.

4
Keynes, ‘Mercia and Wessex in the Ninth Century’, 2001, pp. 319, 322.

5
Swift,
Croyland Abbey
, 1999, p. 4.

6
Hodgkin,
History of the Anglo-Saxons
, 1935–9, I, p. 385.

7
Wormald, ‘The Age of Offa and Alcuin’, in Campbell,
The Anglo-Saxons
, 1991, p. 128.

8
Abels,
Alfred the Great
, 1998, p. 48.

9
Blair,
Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
, 2005, p. 274.

10
Keynes,
Councils of Clofesho
, 1994, p. 3, n. 14.

11
Ibid., p. 6.

12
Ullmann,
Short History of the Papacy
, 1972, p. 79.

13
For the potential military importance of these scholae, realized in the mid-ninth century under Sergius II, see the translations from the
Liber Pontificalis
by Raymond Davis,
The Lives of the Eighth-century Popes
and
The Lives of the Ninth-century Popes
, Liverpool UP, 1992, 1996. See also Nelson, ‘Carolingian Contacts’, 2001, pp. 136–7.

14
Lapidge and others, eds,
Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
, 1999, p. 106.

15
Brooks, ‘Alfredian Government’, 2003, p. 8.

16
Blair,
Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
, 2005, p. 257.

17
See the article by Gareth Williams and Gerard Spink in
Current Archaeology
, 194, 2004, pp. 56–7.

18
‘A papal seal from Herefordshire’ by Peter Reavill in
Current Archaeology
, 199, September 2005, p. 317.

19
The two foregoing paragraphs are heavily indebted to Cowie, ‘Mercian London’, 2001.

20
Keynes, ‘Mercia and Wessex in the Ninth Century’, 2001, p. 323.

Chapter 5 – Apostles of Germany

A useful collection of primary sources in translation is to be found in C. H. Talbot’s
The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in Germany
(1981), which comprises a selection of the letters of St Boniface; the life of the saint himself (
Vita Bonifacii
) by St Willibald; the Life of St Willibrord (
Vita Willibrordi);
the Life of St Lioba (
Vita Leobae
) by Rudolf of Fulda; the Life of St Sturm, Boniface’s German assistant; and the
Hodoepericon
by Huneberc or Hygeburg of Heidenheim. The classic survey of the subject in English is still
England and the Continent in the Eighth Century
by the German scholar Wilhelm Levison, published in 1946 but originating as the Ford Lectures delivered at Oxford University in 1943.