1919
First Mariner Books edition 2000
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Copyright 1932 and © renewed 1959 by John Dos Passos
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Grateful acknowledgment is made to E. L. Doctorow for permission to reprint the foreword, previously published in
U.S.A.
by John Dos Passos, copyright © 1991 by E. L. Doctorow.
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Title page illustration by Reginald Marsh copyright 1946 by John Dos Passos and Houghton Mifflin Company, copyright © renewed 1974 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 215 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10003.
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The Library of Congress has cataloged the print edition as follows:
Dos Passos, John, 1896â1970.
1919 / John Dos Passos.
p. cm.â(U.S.A. ; v. 2)
“A Mariner book.”
ISBN
0-618-05682-3
1. United StatesâHistoryâ1913â1921âFiction. 2. World War, 1914â1918âInfluenceâFiction. I. Title:
Nineteen nineteen. II. Title.
PS
3507.
O
743
N
53 2000
813'.52âdc21 00-027609
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eISBN 978-0-544-34145-6
v1.1213
Given neither to he-man esthetics, like Hemingway, nor to the romance of self-destruction, like Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, their friend and contemporaryâhe was born in 1896âwas a modest self-effacing person, an inveterate wanderer who liked to hike through foreign places and sit down for a drink with strangers and listen to their stories. He saw literature as reportage. He admired the plain style of Defoe, and he read Thackeray's
Vanity Fair
, subtitled
A Novel Without a Hero
, all his life.
Dos Passos was born wandering, living out his lonely childhood with his unmarried mother, Lucy Madison, as she toured the European capitals to avoid scandal while, in the United States, his father, John R. Dos Passos, an eminent corporate lawyer and lobbyist, waited for his invalided first wife to die. When that event came about, in 1910, the mother, the father, and the boy, a strongly loving triad, were able finally to constitute themselves as a family. But the isolation of his early life left Dos Passos psychologically detached, with the feelings of a perpetual outsider.
The outside, of course, is a position of advantage for a writer. Reportage from the outside, and slightly above, is the working viewpoint of Dos Passos's masterpiece,
U.S.A.
It is a nice irony that not the era's big literary personalities, but this quiet inhibited young man, would produce the most vaultingly ambitious novel of allâa twelve-hundred-page chronicle of the historic and spiritual life of an entire country in the first three decades of the twentieth century. Not for him the portrait of a gangster, however metaphorically shimmering, or even the group portrait of a lost generation: Dos Passos goes wideâfrom the American incursion in the Philippines to the beginning of the talkies, from coast to coast and class to class.
U.S.A.
is the novel as mural, with society's heroes standing out from the flames of history while the small-figured masses toil at their feet.
In fact, the peripatetic Dos Passos landed one day in Mexico City
and was much taken with the murals of Diego Rivera colorfully spreading, story after story, up the courtyard walls of the Secretariat of Education. In later years he indicated also his love of thirteenth-and fourteenth-century European tableauxâthose with the saints painted big and the ordinary people painted small, filling up the background.
He published the first installment of
U.S.A., The 42nd Parallel
, in 1929, having realized early on that what he was doing could not be contained in one volume.
1919
followed two years later, and the final volume,
The Big Money
, was published in 1936. He could have gone onâhe had endless resources for the thing, having picked up its rhythm and much of the material from his own ambulating life. He'd gone up from Baltimore to Harvard, where he read and was impressed by the Imagist poetsâPound, Amy Lowell, Carl Sandburg. He also made his acquaintance with the work on James Joyce, the twentieth-century writer who, though hardly given to English plain speech, would have the most enduring influence on him. After Harvard he went back to his wandering, spending a year in Spain and studying architecture. But World War I was just over the border, and in 1916 he volunteered to drive for the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Service, the same organization for which Hemingway and E. E. Cummings drove. He served in France and Italy, and then with the entry of America into the conflict he enlisted in AEF and, all told, got as much of a dose of modern war as he would need for the inspiration to portray its soldier-victims in his first novel,
Three Soldiers
(1921).
The reticent writer was always disposed to the action. In the postwar twenties, he managed time and again to place himself in history's hotspotsâwhether the literary scene in New York and Paris, revolutionary Mexico after the death of Emiliano Zapata, the newly Communist Soviet Union, or the nativist city of Boston, where he marched for the two imprisoned and condemned immigrant anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti.
He was writing all the time, of course. He published
Rosinante to the Road Again
(1922), a book of essays about Spain,
Manhattan Transfer
(1925), a dark impressionist portrait of New York and technical precursor of the
U.S.A.
novels, and pieces in the
New Masses, The Dial, The Nation
, and
The New Republic
attesting to his leftist sensibility. He was a diarist and kept up an active correspondence with a variety of colleagues including Edmund Wilson, Malcolm Cowley,
Hemingway, and Fitzgeraldâall of them worried in the world, all of them news junkies arguing politics and entangling themselves in the crises of civilization.
Not until the Spanish civil war would the profound difference between Dos Passos's humanist ideals and the doctrinaire idealism of many of his contemporaries become clear: the visible moment of separation seems to have occurred with the execution in Valencia of his friend José Robles, a Republican, by a Communist firing squad.
In his later life Dos Passos was as archly conservative as he had been radical. What remained constant, like a moral compass course that never veered, was his despair of the fate of the single human being bent into service of the institutions of modern industrial society, whatever those institutions might be.
In fact, the pervading vision of
U.S.A.
is of people dominated by institutions, which is to say trapped in history. The novel is without a hero. We are given narratives of the lives of a dozen men and womenâJoe Williams, a seaman; Mac, a typesetter; J. Ward Moorehouse, a public relations man; Eleanor Stoddard, a stage designer; Dick Savage, a Harvard graduate and World War I ambulance driver; Charley Anderson, a wartime air ace and inventor; Margo Dowling, an actress; Ben Compton, a union organizer; and so onâand watch three decades pass through them as they reach their prime and then age and flounder, either to die or to simply disappear or, with one or two exceptions, to end in moral defeat. Living below the headlines, they're presented as ordinaries: their lives can intersect, they can sometimes be charming or sympathetic, but they are always seen from above, as in satire, and all their irresolution, self-deceit, and haplessness, and their failure to find empowerment in love or social rebellion, is unconsoled by the moral structure of a plot.
U.S.A.
has no plot, only the movement forward of its multiple narratives under the presiding circumstances of history.
The circumstances themselves are occasionally flashed to us by means of the so-called “Newsreels” that interrupt the text with actual headlines from newspapers of the time, fragments of news stories, advertising slogans, and popular song lyrics, all popping up in rat-a-tat fashion, like momentary garish illuminations, as from fireworks, of the American landscape.
Early readers were dazzled, as they should have been, by these collages. But Dos Passos does not stop there. A third mode is the minute
biography, the periodic insertion into the text of highly editorialized brief lives of some of the paramount figures of each of the decades he covers, including Eugene Debs and William Jennings Bryan, Carnegie, Edison, John Reed and J. P. Morgan, Teddy Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, the Wright Brothers, Henry Ford, Isadora Duncan, and William Randolph Hearstâthe secular saints of the Dos Passos tableau, often mocked, sometimes mourned, but in any event drawn big. Unlike the lives of his fictional characters, which flow incessantly, the breathless author saying
and then this happened and then that happened
, the biographies stand as firm in his annunciation as historical markers.
Through the fourth major mode of address of the book, those Joycean passages under the heading “The Camera Eye,” Dos Passos records his own nameless life of sensations beginning with his early boyhood. These are perhaps the most enigmatic interludes. Like the Newsreels and brief biographies they give a topographical dimension to the text, as if points in the main narrative were being held under a higher lens magnification. They also implicate the narrator in the narrative, serving to underscore his moral commitment to the act of writing. But with his characteristic self-denigration, Dos Passos once justified these sections to an interviewer as planned lapses into “the subjective,” a way of keeping this terrible contaminant out of the rest of the manuscript.
Here we should remember D. H. Lawrence's warning not to trust the writer but the book. As with Dos Passos's self-effacement, his objectivity, which is the literary form of self-effacement, masks an imperial intelligence, an acerbic wit, a great anger, and, above all, the audacity to write a novel that breathes in the excitements of all the revolutionary art of the early twentieth centuryâwhether Joyce's compound word streams or Rivera's proletarian murals or D. W. Griffith's and Sergei Eisenstein's film montages.
The stature of
U.S.A.
was immediately recognized by the critics of the day. By the time of its publication as a completed one-volume trilogy in 1938, the novel was generally regarded as a major achievement, although displaying the characteristics of a highly controlled vision. Malcolm Cowley thought of it as a “collectivist novel” perversely lacking the celebrations of common humanity that would be expected from a collectivist novel. Edmund Wilson wondered why every one of the ordinary characters of the book went down to fail
ure, why nobody took root, raised a family, established a worthwhile career, or found any of the satisfactions that were undeniably visible in actual middle-class American life. Others objected to the characters' lack of ideas, Dos Passos's refusal to give them any consequential thought or reflection not connected with their appetites. And it is true these are beings occupied almost entirely with their sensations and plagued by their longings, given mightily to drinking and fornication while their flimsy thought provides no anchor against the drift of their lives.
