1861 (77 page)

108.
As just one example of Butler’s fan mail, an old college classmate wrote to him on May 31: “Do you recollect how often, when planning for the future in my room at college, you used to remark ‘
Well Gray if you & I live, you will hear from me by & by?
’ Your prophecy seems to be rapidly fulfilling.… You have already
made several ‘happy hits’—but none that has met with more hearty response & indeed
electrified
the whole nation, like your
nigger ‘contraband goods’ doct.!!
Why shdnt the darkies dig trenches & throw breast works for
us,
as well as for the rebels? To know how best to dispose of them, when they come rushing to you by the 1000s, is the question. But you struck the right chord! Two or three such brilliant
strokes, will put you in sight of the
White House!
The man who does the most towards removing the
cause
of this war, will be the next President of the U.S.! Mark the prophecy!” (E. H. Gray to BFB, May 31, 1861, BFB Papers.)

109.
Pierce, “The Contrabands at Fortress Monroe.”

110.
Michael Meyer,
The Year that Changed the World: The Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall
(New York, 2009), pp. 5–8, 166–67.

111.
John G. Nicolay and John Hay,
Abraham Lincoln: A History
(New York, 1904), vol. 4, p. 387.

112.
Media, Pa.,
Advertiser,
n.d., in
Weekly Anglo-African,
Aug. 10, 1861;
Boston Traveller,
May 2 and June 1, 1861;
Sandusky Register,
June 28, 1861; Harvey Brown to E. D. Townsend, June 22, 1861,
OR
II, vol. 1, p. 755;
Harrisburg Union,
June 27, 1861, in
Washington Evening Star,
July 3, 1861; Pierce,
“The Contrabands at Fortress Monroe.” Some slaves even crossed the Potomac from Washington, D.C., to Virginia in search of troops that might harbor them. (Nicolay and Hay,
Abraham Lincoln,
vol. 4, p. 390.)

113.
George McClellan to “The Union Men of Western Virginia,” May 26, 1861,
OR
II, vol. 1, p. 753; Harvey Brown to E. D. Townsend, June 22, 1861,
OR
II, vol. 1, p. 755.

114.
Boston Traveller,
July 13, 1861; J. H. Lane to S. D. Sturgis, Oct. 3, 1861,
OR
II, vol. 1, pp. 771–72. Lane had served as a U.S. senator from Kansas, which is probably how he got away with sending such an extraordinary note to his commander.

115.
Simon Cameron to BFB, Aug. 8, 1861, in BFB,
Letters,
vol. 1, pp. 201–03; Pierce, “The Contrabands at Fortress Monroe.”

116.
Trenton State Gazette,
June 12, 1861.

117.
Allan Pinkerton,
The Spy of the Rebellion
(New York, 1886), p. 194;
Albany Evening Journal,
n.d., in
Weekly Anglo-African,
Aug. 17, 1861.

118.
New York World,
June 4, 1861.

119.
New-York Tribune,
July 25, 1861.

120.
Douglass’ Monthly,
June 1861;
Boston Traveller,
June 4, 1861; John Cimprich,
Slavery’s End in Tennessee, 1861–1865
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1985), pp. 12–13; Pinkerton,
Spy,
p. 177.

121.
New-York Tribune,
n.d., in
National Anti-Slavery Standard,
May 18, 1861;
New York Herald,
n.d., in
National Anti-Slavery Standard,
June 15, 1861.

122.
Jessie Frémont to John Anderson, May 11, 1861, Anderson Family Papers, Kansas State Historical Society.

123.
Robinson, “In the Shadow of Old John Brown”; Mary Elizabeth Massey,
Ersatz in the Confederacy: Shortages and Substitutes on the Southern Homefront
(Columbia, S.C., 1993), p. 7; John Eaton,
Grant, Lincoln, and the Freedmen
(London, 1907), p. 2.

124.
Donn Piatt,
Memories of the Men Who Saved the Union
(New York, 1887), p. 150.

125.
Burning of Hampton: BFB to Winfield Scott, August 8, 1861, and J. Bankhead Magruder to George Deas, Aug. 9, 1861, in
OR
I, vol. 4, pp. 567–72;
Philadelphia Inquirer,
Aug. 10, 1861; H. K. W. Patterson,
War Memories of Fort Monroe and Vicinity
(Fort Monroe, Va., 1885), pp. 30–33;
Boston Globe,
Aug. 7, 1911; Cobb and Holt,
Images of America,
pp. 33–39; Williamson,
Of the Sea and Skies,
pp. 181–82; Cobb, “Rehearsing Reconstruction in Occupied Virginia,” p. 144; William H. Osborne,
The History of the Twenty-ninth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry
(Boston, 1877), pp. 78–81; Starkey,
The First Plantation,
pp. 81–2; Rouse,
When the Yankees Came,
p. 99.

1.
Cometary observations:
Daily National Intelligencer,
July 4, 1861;
Astronomical and Meteorological Observations Made at the United States Naval Observatory, During the Year 1861
(Washington, D.C., 1862);
Washington Star,
July 2 and 5, 1861; “The Comet As It Appeared to the Eyes of a Common Man,”
Scientific American,
vol. 5, no.
2 (July 13, 1861), p. 27; “The Great Comet of 1861,”
The Friend: A Religious and Literary Journal,
Aug. 3, 1861, p. 34;
Littell’s Living Age,
Oct. 19, 1861;
New York Herald,
July 3 and 4, 1861;
Cincinnati Daily Commercial,
July 6, 1861;
New York Times,
July 8, 1861;
Boston Traveller,
July 8, 1861; Alfred Davenport,
Camp and Field Life of the Fifth New York
(
Duryee’s Zouaves
)
(Boston, 1879), p. 84; Thomas Starr King,
Christianity and Humanity
(Boston, 1877), p. 325.

2.
Washington Star,
July 5, 1861;
New York World,
July 10, 1861; Eugene Goodwin Civil War Diary, July 4, 1861.

3.
New York Tribune,
July 10, 1861; Robert F. Durden, “The American Revolution as Seen by Southerners in 1861,”
Louisiana History,
vol. 19, no. 1 (Winter 1978), pp. 33–42;
New Orleans Daily Picayune,
July 4, 1861.

4.
Durden, “The American Revolution,” pp. 40–1.

5.
Philadelphia Inquirer,
July 4, 1861;
The Crisis
(Columbus, Ohio), July 4, 1861.

6.
Allan Nevins,
The War for the Union,
vol. 1:
The Improvised War
(New York, 1959), p. 188;
Washington Star,
July 3, 1861;
New York Times,
July 7, 1861;
Report of the Commissioner of Public Buildings,
Nov. 8, 1861.

7.
Nevins,
War for the Union,
vol. 1, p. 189;
Washington Star,
July 2, 1861;
Philadelphia Press,
July 5, 1861; [Theodore Winthrop], “Washington as a Camp,”
Atlantic Monthly,
July 1861; Thomas U. Walter to Amanda Walter, May 3, 1861, quoted in William C. Allen,
History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics
(Washington, D.C., 2001), p. 314. “These are nasty
things to talk to a lady about,” Walter added, “but ladies ought to know what vile uses the most elegant things are devoted to in times of war.”

8.
Robert W. Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
(New York, 1973), p. 867.

9.
Cincinnati Daily Commercial,
July 8 and 9, 1861;
Congressional Globe,
July 4, 1861.

10.
Michael Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
(Baltimore, 2008), vol. 2, pp. 133–34.

11.
William J. Cooper,
Jefferson Davis, American
(New York, 2001), p. 353.

12.
John Hay Diary, May 7, 1861, in Michael Burlingame and John R. T. Ettinger, eds.,
Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay
(Carbondale, Ill., 1999), pp. 19–20.

13.
AL to the Regent Captains of San Marino, May 7, 1861, in Roy P. Basler, ed.,
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln,
vol. 4 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1953), p. 360.

14.
Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln,
vol. 2, p. 168;
New York Times,
June 20, 1861; Nicolay to Therena Bates, July 3, 1861, in Michael Burlingame, ed.,
With Lincoln in the White House: Letters, Memoranda, and Other Writings of John G. Nicolay, 1860–1865
(Carbondale, Ill., 2000), p. 46.

15.
Douglas Wilson,
Lincoln’s Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words
(New York, 2006), p. 74. The context of Emerson’s remark makes it clear that it was meant as a criticism: cf. Linda Allardt, et al., eds.,
The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson
(Cambridge, Mass., 1982), vol. 15, p. 520.

16.
Wilson,
Lincoln’s Sword,
pp. 94–95; Charles Sumner to Francis Lieber, June 23, 1861, and Sumner to Richard Henry Dana, Jr., June 30, 1861, in Beverly Wilson Palmer, ed.,
The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner
(Boston, 1990), vol. 2, pp. 71–72; David Herbert Donald,
Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War
(New York,
1960), pp. 382–83; John Lothrop Motley to Mary Motley, June 23, 1861, in George W. Curtis, ed.,
Complete Works of John Lothrop Motley
(New York, 1900), vol. 16, pp. 158–59; Nicolay to Therena Bates, July 3, 1861, in Burlingame,
With Lincoln in the White House,
p. 46; Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln,
vol. 2, p. 166. Wilson’s
Lincoln’s Sword
offers a careful and informative analysis of the document’s several
surviving drafts and how they reflect the evolution of Lincoln’s thought during the writing process.

17.
Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln,
vol. 2, p. 170. Although dated July 4, Lincoln’s address was not actually read aloud in the House and Senate until July 5.

18.
Wilfred Buck Yearns,
The Confederate Congress
(Athens, Ga., 1960), p. 35.

19.
Wilson,
Lincoln’s Sword,
p. 79.

20.
Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln,
vol. 2, p. 172.

21.
Baltimore Sun,
July 20, 1861.

22.
AL, “Message to Congress, July 4, 1861,” handwritten draft, May or June 1861, in AL Papers.

23.
George W. Curtis to John J. Pinkerton, July 9, 1861, in Edward Cary,
George William Curtis
(Boston, 1896), p. 147.

24.
Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln,
vol. 2, p. 171.

25.
Washington Star,
July 7, 1861 (italics in original).

26.
Sandusky Daily Commercial Register,
July 19, 1861; Nicolay to Therena Bates, May 31, 1861, quoted in Helen Nicolay,
Lincoln’s Secretary: A Biography of John G. Nicolay
(New York, 1949), p. 106. Although George Washington freed his own slaves in his will, the so-called dower slaves at Mount Vernon—the Negroes and their descendants who had come into the estate as part of his wife’s dowry—remained the property of Martha Washington, and
passed to her Custis heirs at her death.

27.
Philadelphia Inquirer,
July 5, 1861;
Illinois State Journal,
July 9, 1861.

28.
New York World,
July 4, 1861.

29.
Philadelphia Inquirer,
July 5, 1861; William Milmine to Alf Milmine, July 8, 1861, private collection.

30.
Margaret Leech,
Reveille in Washington, 1860–1865
(New York, 1941), p. 85;
Harper’s Weekly,
July 27, 1861;
Washington Star,
July 5, 1861;
Philadelphia Inquirer,
July 5, 1861;
New York Times,
May 26 and July 5, 1861; Nicolay to Therena Bates, July 7, 1861, in Burlingame,
With Lincoln in the White House,
p.
47; James G. Randall and Richard Nelson Current,
Lincoln the President,
vol. 4:
The Last Full Measure
(Carbondale, Ill., 2000), pp. 77–78.

31.
Philadelphia Inquirer,
July 5, 1861.

32.
C. Vann Woodward,
Mary Chesnut’s Civil War
(New Haven, 1981), p. 94.

33.
Christian Examiner,
July 1861.

34.
Julia Taft Bayne,
Tad Lincoln’s Father
(Lincoln, Neb., 2001), pp. 30–31.

35.
New York Herald,
July 4, 1861.

1.
New York Times,
Apr. 18, 1865; Debby Applegate,
The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher
(New York, 2006), pp. 1–15; E. Milby Burton,
The Siege of Charleston 1861–1865
(Columbia, S.C., 1970).

2.
DAB,
vol. 2, pp. 213–14; Elbert B. Smith,
The Presidency of James Buchanan
(Lawrence, Kans., 1975), pp. 193–98.

3.
DAB,
vol. 10, p. 92; LeRoy P. Graf et al., eds.,
The Papers of Andrew Johnson,
vol. 11 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1994), pp. 525–26 n.

4.
Albert D. Kirwan,
John J. Crittenden: The Struggle for the Union
(Lexington, Ky., 1962).

5.
Dorothy Sterling,
Ahead of Her Time: Abby Kelley and the Politics of Antislavery
(New York, 1991), pp. 339–56.

6.
John E. Vacha, “The Case of Sara Lucy Bagby: A Late Gesture,”
Ohio History,
vol. 76, no. 4 (Autumn 1967), p. 231; Charles M. Christian and Sari Bennett, eds.,
Black Saga: The African American Experience: A Chronology
(Boston, 1995), p. 185; Judith Luckett, “Local Studies and Larger Issues: The Case of Sara Bagby,”
Teaching History,
vol. 27, no. 2 (Fall 2002), p. 97.

7.
Margaret Leech and Harry J. Brown,
The Garfield Orbit
(New York, 1978); Allan Peskin,
Garfield: A Biography
(Kent, Ohio, 1978); Frank Holcomb Mason,
The Forty-Second Ohio Infantry; A History of the Organization and Services of That Regiment, in the War of the Rebellion
(Cleveland, 1876).

8.
Alvy L. King,
Louis T. Wigfall: Southern Fire-Eater
(Baton Rouge, 1970), pp. 205–31.

9.
Pamela Herr,
Jessie Benton Frémont: A Biography
(New York, 1987), pp. 324–450; Jessie Benton Frémont,
The Story of the Guard: A Chronicle of the War
(Boston, 1863), pp. 222–24;
Out West,
January 1903.

10.
Sally Denton,
Passion and Principle: John and Jessie Frémont, the Couple Whose Power, Politics, and Love Shaped Nineteenth-Century America
(New York, 2007), p. 341; Jessie Benton Frémont, “A Home Lost, and Found,”
The Home-Maker,
Feb. 1892;
San Francisco Chronicle,
July 4, 2010.

11.
Robert Monzingo,
Thomas Starr King: Eminent Californian, Civil War Statesman, Unitarian Minister
(Pacific Grove, Ca., 1991), pp. 133–239;
Los Angeles Times,
May 29, 2009.

12.
Hans L. Trefousse,
Ben Butler: The South Called Him Beast
(New York, 1957), passim; Benjamin Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War
(Boston, 1953), pp. 115–18;
Norfolk Virginian-Pilot,
July 25, 2010.

13.
Robert Francis Engs,
Freedom’s First Generation: Black Hampton, Virginia, 1861–1890
(New York, 2004).

14.
Henry R. Mallory,
Genealogy of the Mallorys of Virginia
(Hartford, Conn., 1955), pp. 24–26.

15.
C. Vann Woodward, ed.,
Mary Chesnut’s Civil War
(New Haven, 1981), p. 746.

16.
Inside Business: The Hampton Roads Business Journal,
June 11, 2010;
Hampton Roads Daily Press,
Aug. 9, 2010;
Norfolk Virginian-Pilot,
Jan. 10, 2010.

17.
U.S. Census data, 1870–1920; Engs,
Freedom’s First Generation,
pp. 145–46. The census worker in 1920 recorded Mallory’s age as seventy, but other records make it clear he was approximately a decade older than that.