1812: The Navy's War (80 page)
124
the
Times
of London had fed: Times
(London), Aug. 1, 1812.
the
Times
of London had fed: Times
(London), Aug. 1, 1812.
124
the Admiralty was far more:
Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to Admiral Sir John B. Warren, R.N., Dec. 26, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:633–34.
the Admiralty was far more:
Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to Admiral Sir John B. Warren, R.N., Dec. 26, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:633–34.
124
the Admiralty told him:
First Secretary of the Admiralty John W. Croker to Warren, Jan. 9, 1813, and Feb. 10, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:14–19;
Times
(London), March 20 and 24, 1813.
the Admiralty told him:
First Secretary of the Admiralty John W. Croker to Warren, Jan. 9, 1813, and Feb. 10, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:14–19;
Times
(London), March 20 and 24, 1813.
125
With the addition of all:
Admiral John Warren to Secretary Croker, Oct. 5 and Dec. 29, 1812, Jan. 25 and Feb. 26, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:508–9.
With the addition of all:
Admiral John Warren to Secretary Croker, Oct. 5 and Dec. 29, 1812, Jan. 25 and Feb. 26, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:508–9.
126
The
President
then headed:
Charles O. Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers: Captain, Commodore, and Senior Officer of the American Navy, 1773-1838
(1909; reprint, Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1967), 261.
The
President
then headed:
Charles O. Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers: Captain, Commodore, and Senior Officer of the American Navy, 1773-1838
(1909; reprint, Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1967), 261.
127
“We chased everything”:
Commodore John Rodgers to Secretary Hamilton, Jan. 2, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:5.
“We chased everything”:
Commodore John Rodgers to Secretary Hamilton, Jan. 2, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:5.
128
Jones’s triumph was short-lived:
Captain Whinyates to Admiral Sir John Warren, Oct. 23, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:539–540; Captain Jones to Secretary Hamilton, Nov. 24, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:579–83; Captain John P. Beresford,
Journal of H.M.S. Poitiers
, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:536–39.
Jones’s triumph was short-lived:
Captain Whinyates to Admiral Sir John Warren, Oct. 23, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:539–540; Captain Jones to Secretary Hamilton, Nov. 24, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:579–83; Captain John P. Beresford,
Journal of H.M.S. Poitiers
, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:536–39.
129
Decatur put a prize master:
Decatur to Hamilton, Oct. 12, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:527.
Decatur put a prize master:
Decatur to Hamilton, Oct. 12, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:527.
129
By the end of 1812:
Christopher Bell,
Wellington’s Navy: Sea Power and the Peninsula War, 1807–14
(London: Chatham, 2004), 6.
By the end of 1812:
Christopher Bell,
Wellington’s Navy: Sea Power and the Peninsula War, 1807–14
(London: Chatham, 2004), 6.
129
“The first quality”:
Leonard F. Guttridge,
Our Country, Right or Wrong: The Life of Stephen Decatur, The U.S. Navy’s Most Illustrious Commander
(New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 2006), 46.
“The first quality”:
Leonard F. Guttridge,
Our Country, Right or Wrong: The Life of Stephen Decatur, The U.S. Navy’s Most Illustrious Commander
(New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 2006), 46.
130
Sinclair seized the vessel:
Henry Denison to Secretary Hamilton, Nov. 11, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:566.
Sinclair seized the vessel:
Henry Denison to Secretary Hamilton, Nov. 11, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:566.
134
When men from the
United States
:
Samuel Leech,
Thirty Years from Home: A Seaman’s View of the War of 1812
(1843; reprint, Tucson, AZ: Fireship Press, 2008), 78–79; Captain John S. Carden to Secretary of the Admiralty John W. Croker, Oct. 28, 1812, and Decatur to Hamilton, Oct. 30, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:548–53. Of the many accounts of this famous battle, the best are James Tertius de Kay,
Chronicles of the Frigate Macedonian, 1809–1922
(New York: Norton, 1995), 63–99; Ira Dye,
The Fatal Cruise of the Argus: Two Captains in the War of 1812
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 78–100; C. S. Forester,
The Age of Fighting Sail
(New York: Doubleday, 1956), 107–11; and Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 1:415–23.
When men from the
United States
:
Samuel Leech,
Thirty Years from Home: A Seaman’s View of the War of 1812
(1843; reprint, Tucson, AZ: Fireship Press, 2008), 78–79; Captain John S. Carden to Secretary of the Admiralty John W. Croker, Oct. 28, 1812, and Decatur to Hamilton, Oct. 30, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:548–53. Of the many accounts of this famous battle, the best are James Tertius de Kay,
Chronicles of the Frigate Macedonian, 1809–1922
(New York: Norton, 1995), 63–99; Ira Dye,
The Fatal Cruise of the Argus: Two Captains in the War of 1812
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 78–100; C. S. Forester,
The Age of Fighting Sail
(New York: Doubleday, 1956), 107–11; and Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 1:415–23.
134
“Oh! what a charm”: Times
(London), Dec. 29, 1812.
CHAPTER 11“Oh! what a charm”: Times
(London), Dec. 29, 1812.
135
Bainbridge would have preferred:
Bainbridge to Jones, Oct. 5, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:510–12.
Bainbridge would have preferred:
Bainbridge to Jones, Oct. 5, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:510–12.
136
“after devoting near fifteen”:
Lawrence to Hamilton, Oct. 10, 1812; Sinclair to Hamilton, Oct. 7, 1812; Bainbridge to Hamilton, Oct. 8, 1812; Hamilton to Lawrence, Oct. 17, 1812; Lawrence to Hamilton, Oct. 22, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:516–23.
“after devoting near fifteen”:
Lawrence to Hamilton, Oct. 10, 1812; Sinclair to Hamilton, Oct. 7, 1812; Bainbridge to Hamilton, Oct. 8, 1812; Hamilton to Lawrence, Oct. 17, 1812; Lawrence to Hamilton, Oct. 22, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:516–23.
137
“clear the coast”:
Hamilton to Captain John H. Dent, Oct. 24, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:583–84.
“clear the coast”:
Hamilton to Captain John H. Dent, Oct. 24, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:583–84.
137
Dent had tried to counteract:
Hamilton to Dent Oct. 24, 1812, and Dent to Hamilton, Nov. 5, Nov. 14, Nov. 16, and Nov. 24, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:583–87.
Dent had tried to counteract:
Hamilton to Dent Oct. 24, 1812, and Dent to Hamilton, Nov. 5, Nov. 14, Nov. 16, and Nov. 24, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:583–87.
138
“one of the finest”:
Bainbridge to William Jones, Oct. 5, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:510–12.
“one of the finest”:
Bainbridge to William Jones, Oct. 5, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:510–12.
138
The Constitutions’ unhappiness:
Ira Dye,
The Fatal Cruise of the Argus: Two Captains in the War of 1812
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 6.
The Constitutions’ unhappiness:
Ira Dye,
The Fatal Cruise of the Argus: Two Captains in the War of 1812
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 6.
138
“I have zealously”:
Bainbridge to Preble, Nov. 12, 1803,
Naval Documents Related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1939–44), 3:174.
“I have zealously”:
Bainbridge to Preble, Nov. 12, 1803,
Naval Documents Related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1939–44), 3:174.
139
“apprehension which constantly”:
Commodore Bainbridge to Susan Bainbridge, Nov. 1, 1803, quoted in Thomas Harris,
The Life and Services of Commodore William Bainbridge, United States Navy
(Philadelphia: Carey Lea & Blanchard, 1837), 91–93.
“apprehension which constantly”:
Commodore Bainbridge to Susan Bainbridge, Nov. 1, 1803, quoted in Thomas Harris,
The Life and Services of Commodore William Bainbridge, United States Navy
(Philadelphia: Carey Lea & Blanchard, 1837), 91–93.
139
Bainbridge saw this voyage:
Linda M. Maloney,
The Captain from Connecticut: The Life and Times of Isaac Hull
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986), 200; David F. Long,
Ready to Hazard
:
A Biography of Commodore William Bainbridge, 1774–1833
(Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1981), 138–39.
Bainbridge saw this voyage:
Linda M. Maloney,
The Captain from Connecticut: The Life and Times of Isaac Hull
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986), 200; David F. Long,
Ready to Hazard
:
A Biography of Commodore William Bainbridge, 1774–1833
(Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1981), 138–39.
140
“My dear Mediterranean”:
David Porter,
Journal of a Cruise
(1815; reprint, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1986), 52.
“My dear Mediterranean”:
David Porter,
Journal of a Cruise
(1815; reprint, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1986), 52.
140
After anchoring off:
Long,
Ready to Hazard
, 145–47.
After anchoring off:
Long,
Ready to Hazard
, 145–47.
142
“being sufficiently from”:
Tyrone G. Martin,
A Most Fortunate Ship: A Narrative History of “Old Ironsides”
(Chester, CT: Globe Pequot, 1980), 131–34; and Long,
Ready to Hazard
, 151.
“being sufficiently from”:
Tyrone G. Martin,
A Most Fortunate Ship: A Narrative History of “Old Ironsides”
(Chester, CT: Globe Pequot, 1980), 131–34; and Long,
Ready to Hazard
, 151.
143
“[with] a great part of”:
Lieutenant Henry D. Chads to Secretary of the Admiralty John W. Croker, Dec. 31, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:639–49.
“[with] a great part of”:
Lieutenant Henry D. Chads to Secretary of the Admiralty John W. Croker, Dec. 31, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:639–49.
143
“loss must have been”: Journal of Commodore William Bainbridge
, Dec. 30, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:639–49.
“loss must have been”: Journal of Commodore William Bainbridge
, Dec. 30, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:639–49.
144
The
Constitution
was a good deal:
Bainbridge to Dr. John Bullus, Jan. 23, 1813, quoted in Long,
Ready to Hazard
, 158–159.
The
Constitution
was a good deal:
Bainbridge to Dr. John Bullus, Jan. 23, 1813, quoted in Long,
Ready to Hazard
, 158–159.
145
During that time:
Albert Gleaves,
James Lawrence
,
Captain, United States Navy, Commander of the Chesapeake
(New York: Putnam, 1904), 123.
During that time:
Albert Gleaves,
James Lawrence
,
Captain, United States Navy, Commander of the Chesapeake
(New York: Putnam, 1904), 123.
146
At 5:25 the two ships:
Lawrence to Secretary Jones, March 19, 1813, and Lieutenant Frederick A. Wright, R.N., to Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, March 26, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:70–75.
At 5:25 the two ships:
Lawrence to Secretary Jones, March 19, 1813, and Lieutenant Frederick A. Wright, R.N., to Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, March 26, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:70–75.
146
“I have only time”:
James Lawrence to Julia Lawrence, March 19, 1813, James Lawrence Papers, Misc. Mss., New York Historical Society.
“I have only time”:
James Lawrence to Julia Lawrence, March 19, 1813, James Lawrence Papers, Misc. Mss., New York Historical Society.
147
“In the continuation of”:
Gleaves,
James Lawrence
, 138.
“In the continuation of”:
Gleaves,
James Lawrence
, 138.
148
The British navy managed:
Yeo to Vice Admiral Charles Stirling, Nov. 22 and Dec. 11, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:594–95.
CHAPTER 12The British navy managed:
Yeo to Vice Admiral Charles Stirling, Nov. 22 and Dec. 11, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:594–95.
152
Had he been able:
Samuel E. Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis: The Urbane Federalist
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 257–63; James M. Banner Jr.,
To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1798–1815
(New York: Knopf, 1970), 294–312.
Had he been able:
Samuel E. Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis: The Urbane Federalist
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 257–63; James M. Banner Jr.,
To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1798–1815
(New York: Knopf, 1970), 294–312.
153
The grain shipments:
Sean Wilentz,
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
(New York: Norton, 2005), 158; Norman K. Risjord, “Election of 1812,” in
History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–1968
, ed. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. et al. (New York: Chelsea House, 1985), 1:249–96.
The grain shipments:
Sean Wilentz,
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
(New York: Norton, 2005), 158; Norman K. Risjord, “Election of 1812,” in
History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–1968
, ed. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. et al. (New York: Chelsea House, 1985), 1:249–96.
153
“wholly unfit for”:
James F. Hopkins, ed.,
The Papers of Henry Clay: Volume I, The Rising Statesman, 1797–1814
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1959), 750–51.
“wholly unfit for”:
James F. Hopkins, ed.,
The Papers of Henry Clay: Volume I, The Rising Statesman, 1797–1814
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1959), 750–51.
153
On November 4:
“Madison’s Annual Message to Congress, November 4, 1812,” in
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents
, ed. James D. Richardson (Washington, DC: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1904), 1:514–21; Ralph Ketcham,
James Madison: A Biography
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1971), 547–48.
On November 4:
“Madison’s Annual Message to Congress, November 4, 1812,” in
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents
, ed. James D. Richardson (Washington, DC: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1904), 1:514–21; Ralph Ketcham,
James Madison: A Biography
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1971), 547–48.
154
“we are determined”:
Linda M. Maloney,
The Captain from Connecticut: The Life and Times of Isaac Hull
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986), 202.
“we are determined”:
Linda M. Maloney,
The Captain from Connecticut: The Life and Times of Isaac Hull
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986), 202.
154
“which will be by far”:
Hamilton to Congressman Burwell Bassett, Nov. 13, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:571–73; Charles Stewart to Hamilton, Nov. 12, 1812, in
American State Papers, Naval Affairs
(Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1834), 1:278–79.
“which will be by far”:
Hamilton to Congressman Burwell Bassett, Nov. 13, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:571–73; Charles Stewart to Hamilton, Nov. 12, 1812, in
American State Papers, Naval Affairs
(Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1834), 1:278–79.
154
To aid the lobbying effort: National Intelligencer
, Nov. 28, 1812.
To aid the lobbying effort: National Intelligencer
, Nov. 28, 1812.
154
In the middle of the festivities:
Claude Berube and John Rodgaard,
A Call to the Sea: Captain Charles Stewart of the USS
Constitution (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2005), 65–67; Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 122–25; Spencer Tucker,
Stephen Decatur: A Life Most Bold and Daring
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005), 121.
In the middle of the festivities:
Claude Berube and John Rodgaard,
A Call to the Sea: Captain Charles Stewart of the USS
Constitution (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2005), 65–67; Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 122–25; Spencer Tucker,
Stephen Decatur: A Life Most Bold and Daring
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005), 121.
155
Since Decatur brought:
Maloney,
Captain from Connecticut
, 204.
Since Decatur brought:
Maloney,
Captain from Connecticut
, 204.
156
“Frigates and seventy-fours”:
Jefferson to Monroe, Jan. 1, 1815, in Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 598–99.
“Frigates and seventy-fours”:
Jefferson to Monroe, Jan. 1, 1815, in Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 598–99.
156
For a solid bloc:
Craig Symonds,
Navalists and Anti-Navalists: The Naval Policy Debate in the United States, 1785–1827
(Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1980), 171–91.
For a solid bloc:
Craig Symonds,
Navalists and Anti-Navalists: The Naval Policy Debate in the United States, 1785–1827
(Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1980), 171–91.
156
Despite the stunning victories:
Christopher McKee,
A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the U.S. Naval Officer Corps, 1794–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991), 9–11.
Despite the stunning victories:
Christopher McKee,
A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the U.S. Naval Officer Corps, 1794–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991), 9–11.
157
He did not have the gracious:
McKee,
A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession
, 11–13.
He did not have the gracious:
McKee,
A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession
, 11–13.
157
“The first mate does not know”:
Quoted in McKee,
A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession
, 15–19.
“The first mate does not know”:
Quoted in McKee,
A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession
, 15–19.
157
Jones did not waste any time:
William Jones to Eleanor Jones, Jan. 23, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:34–35.
Jones did not waste any time:
William Jones to Eleanor Jones, Jan. 23, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:34–35.
157 “
It is impossible to attach”:
Jones to Chauncey, Jan. 27, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:419–20.
It is impossible to attach”:
Jones to Chauncey, Jan. 27, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:419–20.
157
“to expect a very considerable”:
Circular from Secretary of the Navy Jones to Commanders of Ships Now in Port Refitting, Feb. 22, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:48.
“to expect a very considerable”:
Circular from Secretary of the Navy Jones to Commanders of Ships Now in Port Refitting, Feb. 22, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:48.
158
Madison needed new leadership:
J. C. A. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 276–84.
Madison needed new leadership:
J. C. A. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 276–84.
159
The appointment was controversial:
Thomas Fleming,
The Perils of Peace: America’s Struggle for Survival After Yorktown
(New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 268–72.
The appointment was controversial:
Thomas Fleming,
The Perils of Peace: America’s Struggle for Survival After Yorktown
(New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 268–72.
160
Republican War Hawks like:
Adams,
History of the United States
, 601–2.
Republican War Hawks like:
Adams,
History of the United States
, 601–2.
160
When Cheves and Lowndes introduced:
Donald R. Hickey,
The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 113–17; Adams,
History of the United States
, 606.
When Cheves and Lowndes introduced:
Donald R. Hickey,
The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 113–17; Adams,
History of the United States
, 606.
161
it passed legislation authorizing:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 135–36.
it passed legislation authorizing:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 135–36.
161
Authorizing a loan and obtaining:
Henry Adams,
Albert Gallatin
(1879; reprint, New York: Chelsea House, 1983), 288–89; Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 196–97; Donald R. Adams Jr.,
Finance and Enterprise in Early America: A Study of Stephen Girard’s Bank, 1812–1831
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978), 30–34.
Authorizing a loan and obtaining:
Henry Adams,
Albert Gallatin
(1879; reprint, New York: Chelsea House, 1983), 288–89; Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 196–97; Donald R. Adams Jr.,
Finance and Enterprise in Early America: A Study of Stephen Girard’s Bank, 1812–1831
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978), 30–34.
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