7. THE WOW! SIGNAL
8. A GIANT VIRUS
p. 113
| The bacterium was in fact not a bacterium. It was a giant virus
:
Science
299 (2003): 2033.
|
p. 113
| Raoult subsequently admitted
: M. Peplow, “Giant Virus Qualifies as ‘living’ Organism,”
Nature
News Service, October 14, 2004.
|
p. 115
| Woese published a paper
:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
87, no. 12 (1977): 4576.
|
p. 117
| Mimivirus was proving to be a gold mine
:
Science
306 (2004): 1344.
|
p. 118
| Bell came up with a rather surprising hypothesis
:
Journal of Molecular Evolution
53 (2001): 251.
|
p. 119
| Mimivirus, he says, is the missing link
: G. Hamilton, “Half Virus, Half Beast,”
New Scientist
, March 25, 2006, p. 37.
|
p. 119
| “the world’s leading source of genetic innovation”
: L. Villarreal, “Are Viruses Alive?”
Scientific American
, September 2004, p. 96.
|
p. 120
| one-hundred-foot boat called
Sorcerer II: The project’s Web page is
http://www.sorcerer2expedition.org/version1/HTML/main.htm
.
|
p. 120
| around 10 percent of them
:
Emerging Infectious Diseases
11 (2005): 449.
|
p. 120
| a study in France
:
Microbial Pathogenesis
42 (2007): 56.
|
p. 120
| a technician in the Marseille lab
:
Annals of Internal Medicine
144 (2006): 702.
|
p. 121
| It is called a
reovirus:
Science
282 (1998): 1332.
|
9. DEATH
p. 122
| a young researcher from the University of Georgia
: W. Gibbons, “How Long Do Blanding’s Turtles Live?”
Ecoviews
,
http://www.uga.edu/srelherp/ecoview/ Eco25.htm
.
|
p. 123
| “a sharp challenge”
: B. Yeoman, “Can Turtles Live Forever?”
Discover
magazine, January 6, 2002, p. 61.
|
p. 124
| “sheer, wanton, head-in-bag perversity”
:
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
17, no. 4 (1994): 616.
|
p. 124
| With great insight, he proposed a mechanism
: P. Medawar,
An Unsolved Problem in Biology
(London: H. K. Lewis, 1952), p. 1.
|
p. 124
| In 1957 George Williams expanded
:
Evolution
11 (1957): 398.
|
p. 124
| Then, in 1977, Tom Kirkwood
:
Nature
270 (1977): 301.
|
p. 125
| “highly controversial
”: BBC Reith Lectures, 2001, transcript at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2001/lecture3.shtml
.
|
p. 125
| Thomas Johnson and David Friedman joined
:
Genetics
118 (1988): 75.
|
p. 125
| some of their colleagues accused them
: G. Hamilton, “Clock of Ages,”
New Scientist
, April 19, 2003, p. 26.
|
p. 125
| Caenorhabditis elegans
worms
. . .
up to six weeks
:
Nature
366 (1993): 461.
|
p. 126
| “organism envy”
:
Science
308 (2005): 1875.
|
p. 126
| The group was headed . . . fifty-one scientists
:
Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
57 (2002): B292–B297.
|
p. 126
| “No intervention will slow”
:
Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
59 (2004): B573–B578.
|
p. 128
| “
Our predictions were met with disbelief
”:
Citation Classics
, no. 26 (1978): 144, available at:
http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1978/A1978FC39200002.pdf
.
|
p. 128
| they had put a gene that activates telomerase
:
Science
279 (1998): 349.
|
p. 129
| a tantalizing secret
:
Nature
448 (2007): 767.
|
p. 129
| their fertility declined
:
Evolution
38 (1980): 1004.
|
p. 130
| increased life span and increased fertility
:
Evolution
45 (1991): 82.
|
p. 130
| female mice shut down
:
Science
190 (1975): 165.
|
p. 130
| As her group point out in a 2003 paper
:
Science
302 (2003): 611.
|
p. 131
| His conclusion was that there was no conclusion
:
Evolutionary Ecology Research
6 (2004): 1.
|
p. 132
| “Biological Aging Is No Longer an Unsolved Problem”
:
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1100 (2007): 1.
|
p. 133
| common ancestor of today’s species
: W. A. Clark,
Means to an End: The Biological Basis of Aging and Death
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 41.
|
10. SEX
p. 136
| an outstanding exposition of the theory
: R. Dawkins,
Climbing Mount Improbable
(New York, Norton, 1996), p. 75.
|
p. 136
| he again admits defeat
: R. Dawkins,
The Ancestor’s Tale
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2004), p. 357.
|
p. 136
| “evolutionary scandal”
: J. Maynard Smith,
Nature
324 (1986): 300.
|
p. 137
| “a kind of crisis at hand”
: G. Williams,
Sex and Evolution
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. v.
|
p. 137
| Ernst Mayr added his contribution
: E. Mayr,
What Evolution Is
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2002), p. 102.
|
p. 137
| Bringing things right up to date
:
Nature Reviews (Genetics)
8 (2007): 139.
|
p. 137
| “twofold cost
”: Maynard Smith,
The Evolution of Sex
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 3.
|
p. 138
| turned this argument upside down
:
Science
288, no. 5469 (2000): 1211.
|
p. 139
| Autumn’s asexual geckos . . . farther and faster
:
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
78 (2005): 3.
|
p. 139
| A series of experiments on water fleas
: This and other results discussed in this paragraph are summarized in
Nature Reviews (Genetics)
8 (2007): 139.
|
p. 140
| Graham Bell and Austin Burt showed
:
Nature
330 (1987): 118.
|
p. 140–141
| “a good candidate for the title”
: R. Dawkins,
Independent
, March 10, 2000. –141
|
p. 141
| Water fleas have shown no advantage
:
Journal of Evolutionary Biology
16 (2003): 976.
|
p. 141
| for rotifers, their advantage lies
:
Science
18 (2007): 268.
|
p. 141
| In 2004 Sarah Otto and Scott Nuismer struck another blow against the Red Queen
:
Science
304 (2004): 1018.
|
p. 143
| “hidden in darkness”
:
Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London (Botany)
6: 95.
|
p. 143
| More than a century later
: Maynard Smith,
The Evolution of Sex
.
|
p. 143
| something Kuhn called “a scandal”
: T. Kuhn,
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), p. 67.
|
p. 144
| In some ways the issue parallels
: D. Gale and L. Shapley,
American Mathematical Monthly
69 (1962): 9.
|
p. 145
| wholesale replacement of Darwin’s theory
:
Science
311 (2006): 965.
|
p. 146
| it still stands as a point of contention
:
Evolution
59 (2005): 87.
|
p. 147
| As the biologist Steven Rose pointed out
: S. Rose, “Chat-Up Lines,”
Guardian
, August 21, 2004.
|
p. 147
| In the summer of 1994
:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
264 (1997): 1283.
|
p. 148
| more than 450 species
: B. Bagemihl,
Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity
(London: Profile Books, 1999), p. 12.
|
p. 148
| she took the total number of vertebrate species observed
: J. Roughgarden,
Evolution’s Rainbow
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), p. 224.
|
p. 149
| Steven Rose wrote
: Rose, “Chat-Up Lines.”
|
p. 150
| Jerome Wodinsky removed
:
Science
198 (1997): 880.
|
11. FREE WILL
p. 152
| There are plenty of other examples
: O. Sacks,
The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales
(New York: Summit Books, 1985), p. 8.
|
p. 152
| “
Man defends himself from being regarded
”: Quoted in
Journal of Consciousness Studies
2, no. 2 (1995): 167.
|
p. 153
| In 1788 the philosopher Immanuel Kant
: I. Kant,
Critique of Practical Reason
, ed. and translated by L. Beck (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 2.
|
p. 153
| Libet found that the brain’s preparatory work
:
Brain
106 (1983): 623.
|
p. 154
| That was certainly Libet’s view
: B. Libet, “Do We Have Free Will?” in
The Volitional Brain
, ed. B. Libet, A. Freeman, and V. Sutherland (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 1999), p. 47.
|
p. 156
| Fried grasped this opportunity
:
Journal of Neuroscience
11 (1991): 3656.
|
p. 158
| The students gained a course credit
: “Apparent Mental Causation,”
American Psychologist
, July 1999, p. 480.
|
p. 158
| In these studies, the students
:
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
85, no. 1 (2003): 5.
|
p. 159
| “influence of suggestion”
:
Royal Institution of Great Britain (Proceedings)
, March 12, 1852, p. 147.
|
p. 159
| William James . . . took Carpenter’s baton
: W. James,
The Principles of Psychology
(New York: H. Holt, 1890), p. 526.
|
p. 160
| This, perhaps, is what is most disturbing
: A. Burgess,
A Clockwork Orange
(London: Heinemann, 1962), p. 76.
|
p. 162
| Richard Nisbett and Timothy Wilson showed
:
Psychological Review
84 (1977): 231.
|
p. 163
| “Free will is a fictional construction”
: “In search of humanity,”
Times
(London), December 29, 1997.
|
12. THE PLACEBO EFFECT
p. 164
| “It has brought me great comfort”
: Press release on Sternbach’s death issued by Roche Pharmaceuticals, September 30, 2005.
|
p. 164
| Diazepam is now . . . a “core medicine”
: See
http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/EML15.pdf
.
|
p. 165
| diazepam had no effect on anxiety
:
Prevention and Treatment
6, no. 1 (2003):
v
.
|
p. 166
| “urgent priority”
: Quoted in L. Conboy et al.,
Contemporary Clinical Trials
27 (2006): 123.
|
p. 167
| “I’m going to prescribe you some magnesium”
: L. Spinney, “Purveyors of Mystery,”
New Scientist
, December 16, 2006, p. 42.
|
p. 167
| “some unintelligent or inadequate patients”
:
Lancet
2 (1954): 321.1.
|
p. 167
| According to Ann Helm
: A. Helm, “Truth-Telling, Placebos and Deception,”
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
, January 1985, p. 69.
|
p. 167
| Danish clinicians . . . ten or more times per year
:
Evaluation and the Health Professions
26 (2003): 153.
|
p. 167
| Israeli doctors . . . prescribed placebos
:
British Medical Journal
329 (2004): 944.
|
p. 168
| “Generally a larger dose”
:
Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association
41, no. 4 (2001): 523.
|
p. 170
| Asbjorn Hróbjartsson and Peter Gøtzsche had begun
:
New England Journal of Medicine
344 (2001): 1594.
|
p. 170
| much-quoted, never-questioned statistic
:
Journal of the American Medical Association
159 (1955): 1602.
|
p. 171
| In 2003 Hróbjartsson and Gøtzsche
:
Journal of Internal Medicine
256 (2003): 91.
|
p. 171
| researchers from the University of Michigan
:
Journal of Neuroscience
25 (2005): 7754.
|
p. 172
| An editorial accompanying
:
New England Journal of Medicine
344 (2001): 1630.
|
p. 174
| reduced activity in the neurons
:
Nature Neuroscience
7 (2004): 587.
|
p. 175
| Telling patients . . . as effective as injecting 6–8 mg of morphine
:
Nature
312 (1984): 755.
|
p. 175
| cocaine abusers . . . getting something
:
Journal of Neuroscience
23 (2003): 11461.
|
p. 175
| Benedetti and Colloca have already started
:
Nature Reviews (Neuroscience)
6 (2005): 545.
|
p. 176
| his team published a paper
:
Journal of Neuroscience
26 (2006): 12014.
|
p. 178
| One group, led by researchers
:
Contemporary Clinical Trials
27 (2006): 123.
|
p. 178
| An openly administered dose
:
Pain
90 (2001): 205.
|
