What Hath God Wrought (166 page)
Read What Hath God Wrought Online
Authors: Daniel Walker Howe
Tags: #History, #United States, #19th Century, #Americas (North; Central; South; West Indies), #Modern, #General, #Religion
40. Ibid., 680–83.
41. Meinig,
Continental America
, 117.
Continental America
, 117.
42. Sellers,
Polk, Continentalist
, 412;
New York Herald
, June 11, 1846.
Polk, Continentalist
, 412;
New York Herald
, June 11, 1846.
43.
Diary of James K. Polk
, ed. Milo Quaife (Chicago, 1910), I, 155 (Jan. 4, 1846).
Diary of James K. Polk
, ed. Milo Quaife (Chicago, 1910), I, 155 (Jan. 4, 1846).
44. See David Dykstra,
The Shifting Balance of Power: American-British Diplomacy in North America, 1842–48
(Lanham, Md., 1999).
The Shifting Balance of Power: American-British Diplomacy in North America, 1842–48
(Lanham, Md., 1999).
45. See Merk,
Oregon Question
, 250, 364–94.
Oregon Question
, 250, 364–94.
46. Polk,
Diary
, I, 241–53 (Feb. 21–25, 1846); Paul Bergeron,
The Presidency of James K. Polk
(Lawrence, Kans., 1987), 128; Leonard,
Polk
, 117.
Diary
, I, 241–53 (Feb. 21–25, 1846); Paul Bergeron,
The Presidency of James K. Polk
(Lawrence, Kans., 1987), 128; Leonard,
Polk
, 117.
47. Polk,
Diary
, I, 297, 345 (March 22, April 22, 1846).
Diary
, I, 297, 345 (March 22, April 22, 1846).
48. See Cameron Addis, “The Whitman Massacre,”
JER
25 (2005): 221–58.
JER
25 (2005): 221–58.
49. R. Alcalay,
The Complete Hebrew-English Dictionary
(Tel Aviv, 1996). The pronunciation “nauvoo” is anglicized. With thanks to Rabbi Mari Chernow.
The Complete Hebrew-English Dictionary
(Tel Aviv, 1996). The pronunciation “nauvoo” is anglicized. With thanks to Rabbi Mari Chernow.
50. See Annette Hampshire,
Mormonism in Conflict: The Nauvoo Years
(New York, 1985); Richard Bushman,
Making Space for the Mormons
(Logan, Utah, 1997).
Mormonism in Conflict: The Nauvoo Years
(New York, 1985); Richard Bushman,
Making Space for the Mormons
(Logan, Utah, 1997).
51.
New York Herald
, Jan. 19, 1842.
New York Herald
, Jan. 19, 1842.
52. Robert Flanders,
Nauvoo, Kingdom on the Mississippi
(Urbana, Ill., 1965), 56. The population of Chicago in 1840 was 4,450.
Nauvoo, Kingdom on the Mississippi
(Urbana, Ill., 1965), 56. The population of Chicago in 1840 was 4,450.
53. Quoted in Leonard Arrington and Davis Bitton,
The Mormon Experience
(New York, 1979), 50.
The Mormon Experience
(New York, 1979), 50.
54. Fawn Brodie,
No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith
, rev. ed. (New York, 1972), 260, 267; Leonard Arrington,
Brigham Young, American Moses
(New York, 1985), 109.
No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith
, rev. ed. (New York, 1972), 260, 267; Leonard Arrington,
Brigham Young, American Moses
(New York, 1985), 109.
55. Klaus Hansen,
Quest for Empire
(Lansing, Mich., 1967), 72–79; idem, “The Metamorphosis of the Kingdom of God,” in
The New Mormon History
, ed. Michael Quinn (Salt Lake City, 1992), 221–46.
Quest for Empire
(Lansing, Mich., 1967), 72–79; idem, “The Metamorphosis of the Kingdom of God,” in
The New Mormon History
, ed. Michael Quinn (Salt Lake City, 1992), 221–46.
56. Joseph Smith,
Views on the Powers and Policy of the Government of the United States
(1844; Salt Lake City, 1886), 15–22.
Views on the Powers and Policy of the Government of the United States
(1844; Salt Lake City, 1886), 15–22.
57.
Cultures in Conflict: A Documentary History of the Mormon War in Illinois
, ed. John Hallwas and Roger Launius (Logan, Utah, 1995), 143–48 (the
Nauvoo Expositor
), 149–56 (the proceedings of the Nauvoo city council).
Cultures in Conflict: A Documentary History of the Mormon War in Illinois
, ed. John Hallwas and Roger Launius (Logan, Utah, 1995), 143–48 (the
Nauvoo Expositor
), 149–56 (the proceedings of the Nauvoo city council).
58. Mormons usually refer to the prophets Joseph Smith and Brigham Young by their first names, and historians also often follow this practice.
59. Kenneth Winn,
Exiles in a Land of Liberty
(Chapel Hill, 1989), 208–27.
Exiles in a Land of Liberty
(Chapel Hill, 1989), 208–27.
60. Reprinted in Hallwas and Launius,
Cultures in Conflict
, 237–40.
Cultures in Conflict
, 237–40.
61. In 2000, the Reorganized LDS Church changed its name to the Community of Christ. They no longer call themselves Mormons.
62. On Mormon temple rites, see Paul Conkin,
American Originals: Homemade Varieties of Christianity
(Chapel Hill, 1997), 189–95.
American Originals: Homemade Varieties of Christianity
(Chapel Hill, 1997), 189–95.
63. On the conflict of political ideologies, see Marvin Hill,
Quest for Refuge
(Salt Lake City, 1989); Laurence Moore,
Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans
(New York, 1986), 25–47; and the essays in Roger Launius and John Hallwas, eds.,
Kingdom on the Mississippi Revisited
(Urbana, Ill., 1996).
Quest for Refuge
(Salt Lake City, 1989); Laurence Moore,
Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans
(New York, 1986), 25–47; and the essays in Roger Launius and John Hallwas, eds.,
Kingdom on the Mississippi Revisited
(Urbana, Ill., 1996).
64. Stanley Kimball,
Heber C. Kimball
(Urbana, Ill., 1981), 151–54; Newell Bringhurst,
Brigham Young
(Boston, 1986), 89.
Heber C. Kimball
(Urbana, Ill., 1981), 151–54; Newell Bringhurst,
Brigham Young
(Boston, 1986), 89.
65. Ibid., 90.
66. From stanza 2 of “Come, Come Ye Saints,”
Deseret Sunday School Songs
(Salt Lake City, 1909), no. 16.
Deseret Sunday School Songs
(Salt Lake City, 1909), no. 16.
67. Arrington and Bitton,
Mormon Experience
, 101.
Mormon Experience
, 101.
68. Charles Kelly and Maurice Howe,
Miles Goodyear
(Salt Lake City, 1937).
Miles Goodyear
(Salt Lake City, 1937).
69. Quoted in Arrington,
Brigham Young
, 169.
Brigham Young
, 169.
70. Only in retrospect did the Mormons attribute the seagulls’ intervention to God. See William Hartley, “Mormons, Crickets, and Seagulls,”
New Mormon History
, ed. Quinn, 137–52.
New Mormon History
, ed. Quinn, 137–52.
71. Lorenzo Snow’s oft-quoted summary of the doctrine. Eliza R. Snow,
Biography and Family Record of Lorenzo Snow
(Salt Lake City, 1884), 46.
Biography and Family Record of Lorenzo Snow
(Salt Lake City, 1884), 46.
72. There are two forms of polygamy.
Polyandry
means a woman having more than one husband;
polygyny
, a man having more than one wife. See Todd Compton,
In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith
(Salt Lake City, 2001); Richard Bashman,
Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling
(New York, 2005), 437–46.
Polyandry
means a woman having more than one husband;
polygyny
, a man having more than one wife. See Todd Compton,
In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith
(Salt Lake City, 2001); Richard Bashman,
Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling
(New York, 2005), 437–46.
73. Counting the wives is complicated because Young apparently contracted a number of unconsummated marriages.
74. For the women’s perspective on plural marriage, see Lawrence Foster,
Women, Family, and Utopia
(Syracuse, N.Y., 1919), 189–98, and the essays in Claudia Bushman, ed.,
Mormon Sisters
, 2nd ed. (Logan, Utah, 1997).
Women, Family, and Utopia
(Syracuse, N.Y., 1919), 189–98, and the essays in Claudia Bushman, ed.,
Mormon Sisters
, 2nd ed. (Logan, Utah, 1997).
75.
Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
(Salt Lake City, 1952), 256–57.
Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
(Salt Lake City, 1952), 256–57.
76. Karl Jack Bauer,
The Mexican War
(New York, 1974), 48, 81; Pletcher,
Diplomacy of Annexation
, 376–77.
The Mexican War
(New York, 1974), 48, 81; Pletcher,
Diplomacy of Annexation
, 376–77.
77. William Manning, ed.,
Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States: Inter-American Affairs
(Washington, 1937), VIII, 699–700.
Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States: Inter-American Affairs
(Washington, 1937), VIII, 699–700.
78. Pletcher,
Diplomacy of Annexation
, 172–75.
Diplomacy of Annexation
, 172–75.
79.
Presidential Messages
, IV, 380.
Presidential Messages
, IV, 380.
80. Anson Jones,
Memoranda and Official Correspondence
(New York, 1859), 46–52, quotation from 49; italics in original.
Memoranda and Official Correspondence
(New York, 1859), 46–52, quotation from 49; italics in original.
81. Orders of June 15 and July 30, 1845, quoted in Pletcher,
Diplomacy of Annexation
, 255–56.
Diplomacy of Annexation
, 255–56.
82. Orders of Aug. 23 and 30, 1845, quoted ibid., 260.
83. Manning,
Diplomatic Correspondence
, VIII, 172–82.
Diplomatic Correspondence
, VIII, 172–82.
84. Waddy Thompson, quoted in Sellers,
Polk, Continentalist
, 230.
Polk, Continentalist
, 230.
85. Sellers,
Polk, Continentalist
, 223–24.
Polk, Continentalist
, 223–24.
86.
Washington Union
, June 2, 6, 1845.
Washington Union
, June 2, 6, 1845.
87. Manning,
Diplomatic Correspondence
, VIII, 180.
Diplomatic Correspondence
, VIII, 180.
88. See Norman Graebner,
Empire on the Pacific
(New York, 1955); and Shomer Zwelling,
Expansion and Imperialism
(Chicago, 1970).
Empire on the Pacific
(New York, 1955); and Shomer Zwelling,
Expansion and Imperialism
(Chicago, 1970).
89.
Washington Union
, Oct. 2, 1845.
Washington Union
, Oct. 2, 1845.
90. Manning,
Diplomatic Correspondence
, VIII, 183.
Diplomatic Correspondence
, VIII, 183.
91. George Brack,
Mexico Views Manifest Destiny
(Albuquerque, N.M., 1975), 160–63.
Mexico Views Manifest Destiny
(Albuquerque, N.M., 1975), 160–63.
92. John Slidell to James K. Polk, Dec. 29, 1845, quoted in Pletcher,
Diplomacy of Annexation
, 357.
Diplomacy of Annexation
, 357.
93. James Schouler,
History of the United States
(New York, 1889), IV, 523; Justin Smith,
The War with Mexico
(New York, 1919), I, 449, n. 4 and 5; Sellers,
Polk, Continentalist
, 223.
History of the United States
(New York, 1889), IV, 523; Justin Smith,
The War with Mexico
(New York, 1919), I, 449, n. 4 and 5; Sellers,
Polk, Continentalist
, 223.
94. Polk,
Diary
, I, 375, 390 (May 3, 11, 1846); Thomas Hart Benton,
Thirty Years’ View
(New York, 1856), II, 678–79.
Diary
, I, 375, 390 (May 3, 11, 1846); Thomas Hart Benton,
Thirty Years’ View
(New York, 1856), II, 678–79.
95. Many secondary works erroneously describe the disputed area as uninhabited, but see Andres Tijerina, “Trans-Nueces,” in
The United States and Mexico at War
, ed. Donald Frazier (New York, 1998), 434–35.
The United States and Mexico at War
, ed. Donald Frazier (New York, 1998), 434–35.
96. J. Frank Dobie,
The Longhorns
(Boston, 1941), 11, 28.
The Longhorns
(Boston, 1941), 11, 28.
97. Journal entry for March 26, 1846, in Ethan Allen Hitchcock,
Fifty Years in Camp and Field
, ed. W. A. Croffut (New York, 1909), 213.
Fifty Years in Camp and Field
, ed. W. A. Croffut (New York, 1909), 213.
98. Mariano Paredes, “Proclamation,” April 23, 1846, in
Origins of the Mexican War
, ed. Ward McAfee and Cordell Robinson (Salisbury, N.C., 1982), II, 134–35; Mariano Arista to Zachary Taylor, April 24, 1846, quoted in Charles Dufour,
The Mexican War
(New York, 1968), 61; Brack,
Mexico Views Manifest Destiny
, 117–18, 149, 165–66.
Origins of the Mexican War
, ed. Ward McAfee and Cordell Robinson (Salisbury, N.C., 1982), II, 134–35; Mariano Arista to Zachary Taylor, April 24, 1846, quoted in Charles Dufour,
The Mexican War
(New York, 1968), 61; Brack,
Mexico Views Manifest Destiny
, 117–18, 149, 165–66.
99. Quoted in Pletcher,
Diplomacy of Annexation
, 382.
Diplomacy of Annexation
, 382.
100.
Presidential Messages
, IV, 442–43.
Presidential Messages
, IV, 442–43.
101.
Congressional Globe
, 29th Cong., 1st sess., 794.
Congressional Globe
, 29th Cong., 1st sess., 794.
102. Quoted in Sellers,
Polk, Continentalist,
421.
Polk, Continentalist,
421.
103. Ernest Lender,
Reluctant Imperialists: Calhoun, the South Carolinians, and the Mexican War
(Baton Rouge, 1984), 6–10, 62–63.
Reluctant Imperialists: Calhoun, the South Carolinians, and the Mexican War
(Baton Rouge, 1984), 6–10, 62–63.
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