Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (54 page)

14. Vaillant GE, Vaillant CO: Normality and mental health. In
Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry,
9th edition. Edited by BJ Sadock, VA Sadock, and P. Ruiz. Philadelphia, Williams and Wilkins, 2009.

15. Martin-Joy J and George E. Vaillant: Recognizing and promoting resilience. In
Successful Cognitive and Emotional Aging.
Edited by C Depp and DV Jeste. Arlington VA: American Psychiatric Press, 2010.

16. Katie A McLaughlin, Laura D Kubzansky, Erin C Dunn, Robert Waldinger, George Vaillant, and Karestan C Koenen: Childhood social environment, emotional reactivity to stress, and mood and anxiety disorders across the life course.
Depression and Anxiety,
2010; 27: 1087–1094 (2010).

17. Waldinger RA and MS Schulz: Facing the music or burying our heads in the sand? Adaptive emotion regulation in midlife and late life.
Research in Human Development,
2010; 7:292–306.

18. Waldinger RJ, Schulz MS: What’s love got to do with it? Social connections, perceived health stressors, and daily mood in married octogenarians.
Psychology and Aging,
2010, 25: 422–431.

19. Pergakis MB, Hasan NS, Heller NR, Waldinger RJ: Octogenarian
reports of lifetime spiritual experiences: Types of experience and early life predictors.
Journal of Religion, Spirituality, and Aging,
2010; 22: 220–238.

20. Waldinger RJ, Schulz MS: Linking hearts and minds in couple interactions: Intentions, attributions and overriding sentiments.
Journal of Family Psychology,
2006, 20:494–504.

21. Waldinger RJ, Kensinger EA, Schulz MS: Neural activity, neural connectivity, and the processing of emotionally-valenced information in older adults: Links with life satisfaction.
Cognitive, Affective & Behaviorial Neuroscience,
2011, 11:426–436.

22. Liu L, Cohen S, Schulz MS, Waldinger RJ: Sources of somatization: Exploring the roles of insecurity in relationships and styles of anger experience and expression.
Social Science & Medicine,
2011, 73:1436–1443.

23. Cohen S, Schulz MS, Weiss E, Waldinger RJ: “A” for effort: The individual and dyadic contributions of empathic accuracy and empathic effort to relationship satisfaction.
Journal of Family Psychology,
2012, 26:236–245.

NOTES

1.
MATURATION MAKES LIARS OF US ALL

(Epigraph) Popular adage attributed to Heraclitus.

1
. Gail Sheehy,
Passages
(New York: Dutton, 1976); Daniel J. Levinson,
Seasons of a Man’s Life
(New York: Knopf, 1978).

2
. Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck,
Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency
(New York: Commonwealth Fund, 1950).

3
. Lewis M. Terman and Melita H. Oden,
The Gifted Child Grows Up: Genetic Studies of Genius,
vol. 4 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1947); Melita H. Oden, “The Fulfillment of Promise: Forty-Year Follow-up of the Terman Gifted Group,”
Genetic Psychology Monographs
77 (1968): 3–93; Carole K. Holahan and Robert R. Sears,
The Gifted Group in Maturity
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); Howard S. Friedman and Leslie R. Martin,
The Longevity Project
(New York: Hudson Street Press, 2011).

4
. George E. Vaillant,
The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995); George E. Vaillant,
Aging Well
(Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2002).

5
. Jack Block,
Lives through Time
(Berkeley: Bancroft Books, 1971); Dorothy H. Eichorn, John A. Clausen, Norma Haan, et al.,
Present and Past in Middle Life
(New York: Academic Press, 1981); Glen H. Elder, Jr.,
Children of the Great Depression
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984); Erik H. Erikson, Joan M. Erikson, and Helen Q. Kivnick,
Vital Involvement in Old Age
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1986); John A. Clausen,
American Lives
(New York: Free Press, 1993).

6
. Thomas R. Dawber,
The Framingham Study
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980); Susan E. Hankinson, Graham A. Colditz, JoAnn E. Manson, et al.,
Healthy Women Healthy Lives: A Guide to Preventing Disease from the Landmark Nurses’ Health Study
(New York: Free Press, 2002); Edward Giovanucci, Mier J. Stampfer, Graham A. Colditz, et al., “Multivitamin Use, Folate, and Colon Cancer in Women in the Nurses’ Health Study,”
Annals of Internal Medicine,
129 (1998): 517–524; Michel Lucas, Fariba Mirzaei, An Pan, et al., “Coffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Depression among Women,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
(2011), 171(17): 1571–1578.

7
. George E. Vaillant,
Adaptation to Life
(Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co., 1977).

8
. Robert M. Hauser, William H. Sewell, John A. Logan, et al., 1992. “The Wisconsin Longitudinal Study: Adults as Parents and Children at Age 50,”
IASSIST Quarterly
16:23–38; William H. Sewell, Robert M. Hauser, Kristen W. Springer, et al. “As We Age: A Review of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, 1957–2001,”
Research in Social Stratification and Mobility,
20 (2004): 3–111, ed. Kevin T. Leicht; Wisconsin Longitudinal Study: “The Class of 1957 at Age 65; A First Look: A Letter to Wisconsin’s High School Cass of 1957 and Their Families” (Madison, Wisconsin: privately printed by the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study 2006).

9
. Vaillant,
Adaptation to Life.

10
. Erik H. Erikson,
Childhood and Society
(New York: Norton, 1951).

11
. Jane Loevinger,
Ego Development
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1976).

2.
THE PROOF OF THE PUDDING

(Epigraph) P. D. Scott, review of Lee N. Robins, “Deviant Children Grown-Up,”
British Journal of Psychiatry
113 (1967): 929–930.

1
. Joshua W. Shenk, “What Makes Us Happy,”
The Atlantic,
June 2009, 36–53.

2
. George E. Vaillant, “A Rewarding Life,”
The Australian Financial Review,
Aug. 21, 2009, 1–2.

3
. Earnest Hooton,
Young Man, You Are Normal
(New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1945),103.

4
. Hooton,
Young Man, You Are Normal.

5
. Virgil,
Eclogues,
10:69, 37 b.c.

3.
A SHORT HISTORY OF THE GRANT STUDY

(Epigraph) Benjamin C. Bradlee,
A Good Life
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 15–16.

1
.
Official Register of Harvard University,
vol. 35, 404–405.

2
. Ibid.

3
. Dan H. Fann, “Grant Study Analyzes ‘Normal’ Individuals,”
Harvard Crimson,
May 13, 1942.

4
. Adolf Meyer, “The Life Chart,” in
Contributions to Medical and Biological Research
(New York: Paul B. Hoeber, 1919), 102.

5
. Walter B. Cannon,
The Wisdom of the Body
(New York: Norton, 1932).

6
. George E. Vaillant,
The Wisdom of the Ego
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993).

7
.
Harvard University Gazette,
November 19, 1998.

8
. Clark W. Heath,
What People Are
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1945).

9
. Ibid.

10
. Frederic L. Wells and William L. Woods, “Outstanding Traits,”
Genetic Psychological Monographs
33 (1946): 127–249.

11
. Harry F. Harlow, “The Nature of Love,”
American Psychologist
13 (1958): 678.

12
. Ernst Kretschmer,
Physique and Character
(Abington, England: Routledge, 1931).

13
. Carl C. Seltzer, Frederic L. Wells, and E. B. McTernan, “A Relationship between Sheldonian Somatotype and Psychotype,”
Journal of Personality
16 (1948): 431–436.

14
. William H. Sheldon,
Atlas of Men: A Guide for Somatotyping the Adult Male at All Ages
(New York: Gramercy Publishing Company, 1954).

15
. Heath,
What People Are.

16
. Earnest Hooton,
Young Man, You Are Normal
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1945), 102, 207.

17
. Ibid., 86.

18
. Ibid.

19
. Ibid., 103.

20
. Ibid., 82.

21
. Heath,
What People Are;
Wells and Woods, “Outstanding Traits.”

22
. John P. Monks,
College Men at War
(Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1957).

23
. Wells and Woods, “Outstanding Traits.”

24
. William Grant to Arlie Bock, August 7, 1944, in folder “Correspondence,” Grant Study Archives.

25
. Donald W. Hastings, “Follow-Up Results In Psychiatric Illness,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
114 (1958): 1057–1066.

26
. Kimberly A. Lee, George E. Vaillant, William C. Torrey, et al., “A 50-year Prospective Study of the Psychological Sequelae of World War II Combat,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
152 (1995): 516–522.

27
. Caroline O. Vaillant and George E. Vaillant, “Is the U-curve of Marital Satisfaction an Illusion? A 40-year Study of Marriage,”
Journal of Marriage and the Family
55 (1993): 230–239.

28
. Dan P. McAdams and George E. Vaillant, “Intimacy, Motivation and Psychosocial Adjustment,”
Journal of Personality Assessment
46 (1982): 586–593.

29
. Grant Study Archives.

30
. Charles McArthur, “Long-Term Validity of the Strong Interest Test in Two Subcultures,”
Journal of Applied Psychology
38 (1954): 346–353.

31
. George E. Vaillant, Jane R. Brighton, and Charles McArthur, “Physicians’ Use of Mood-Altering Drugs: A 20-Year Follow-up Report,”
New England Journal of Medicine
282 (1970): 365–370.

32
. George E. Vaillant,
Natural History of Alcoholism
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983).

33
. Robert W. White,
Lives in Progress
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972).

4.
HOW CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE AFFECT OLD AGE

(Epigraph) William Wordsworth, “Ode: Intimations of Immortality.”

1
. Joseph Conrad,
Victory
(New York: Doubleday, 1915), 383.

2
. Michael G. Marmot, G. Davey Smith, Stephen Stansfield, et al., “Health Inequalities among British Civil Servants: The Whitehall II Study,”
Lancet
337 (1991): 1387–1393.

3
. George E. Vaillant,
Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995); George E. Vaillant,
Aging Well
(New York: Little, Brown, 2002).

4
. Vaillant,
Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited.

5
. Ibid.

6
. Erik H. Erikson,
Childhood and Society,
2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1963); George E. Vaillant and Eva Milofsky, “Natural History of Male Psychological Health, IX: Empirical Evidence for Erikson’s Model of the Life-cycle,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
137 (1980): 1348–1359.

7
. George E. Vaillant, “Natural History of Male Psychological Health II: Some Antecedents of Healthy Adult Adjustment,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
31 (1974): 15–22.

8
. Vaillant, “Natural History of Male Psychological Health II.”

9
. George E. Vaillant, “Why Men Seek Psychotherapy: I. Results of a Survey of College Graduates,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
129 (1972): 645–651.

10
. Erikson,
Childhood and Society.

11
. Aaron Lazare, Gerald L. Klerman, and David J. Armor, “Oral, Obsessive, and Hysterical Personality Patterns: An Investigation of Psychoanalytic Concepts by Means of Factor Analysis,”
Archives of General Psychiatry,
14(6) (1966): 624–630.

12
. George E. Vaillant and Caroline O. Vaillant, “Natural History of Male Psychological Health, X: Work as a Positive Predictor of Mental Health,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
138 (1981): 1433–1440.

13
. George E. Vaillant,
Spiritual Evolution: A Scientific Defense of Faith
(New York: Doubleday Broadway, 2008).

14
. George E. Vaillant,
Adaptation to Life
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 297.

15
. Paul T. Costa, Jr., and Robert R. McCrae,
The NEO Personality Inventory Manual
(Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1985).

16
. Robert R. McCrae and Paul T. Costa, Jr.,
Emerging Lives, Enduring Dispositions: Personality in Adulthood
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1984).

17
. Brent W. Roberts and Daniel Mroczek, “Personality Trait Change in Adulthood,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
17 (2008): 31–35.

18
. Stephen Soldz and George E. Vaillant, “The Big Five Personality Traits and the Life Course: A 45-Year Longitudinal Study,”
Journal of Research in Personality
33 (1999): 208–232.

19
. William G. Iacono and Matthew McGue, “Minnesota Twin Family Study,”
Twin Research 5
(2002): 482–487; Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., David T. Lykken,
Matthew
McGue, et al., “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Religiousness: Genetic and Environmental Influences and Personality Correlates,
Twin Research 2
(1999): 88–98.

20
. Clark W. Heath,
What People Are
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1945).

21
. Leo Tolstoy,
Childhood, Boyhood and Youth
(New York: Scribner’s, 1904), 109.