The Year that Changed the World (40 page)

refugee camps in,
95
,
98
,
101
,
113
–115

refugees from GDR and,
97
–104,
113
–126

revolt of 1956,
34
–35,
84
–85

Soviet Union and,
38
,
226
–228

United States and,
38
,
95

Warsaw Pact and,
57
,
69
,
71
–72,
90
–91,
127
See also
Budapest

Hungary's Negotiated Revolution
(Tokes),
38
,
224

Huntington, Samuel P.,
214
–215,
236
–237

Husak, Gustav,
179
–180,
205

Hussein, King,
106

Hussein, Saddam,
214

Hutchings, Robert L.,
227
,
231
,
232

Iliescu, Ion,
197
–198

Illing, Jens,
154
,
234

Imperial Temptation, The
(Tucker and Hendrickson),
215
,
237

India, economic growth of,
217
,
218

inflation, in Poland,
129

Institute of East-West Strategic Studies,
227

Intermediate Nuclear Forces accord (INF),
13

International Monetary Fund (IMF),
21
,
229

Internet,
21

Iran,
83
,
217

Iraq,
2
,
212
,
214
,
216
,
218
,
222

Iron Curtain

Cold War and,
36

symbolism of Berlin Wall and,
5
–9,
15
–16
See also
Berlin Wall

Israel,
106

Jakes, Milos,
140
,
143
,
148
–150,
233
,
234

refugees from GDR and,
122
–123

Velvet Revolution (1989) and,
179
–180,
183
,
187
–189

at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989),
92
–93

Jansen, Michael,
115
,
232

Japan,
21
,
217

Jaruzelski, Wojciech Witold

embraces Solidarity,
45
–46

Kent State University speech (1996),
225
–226

martial law in Poland (1981),
35
–36,
43
–51

meeting with G. H. W. Bush,
94
–95

as president of Poland,
92
,
128
,
131
–132,
225
–226

Round Table (1989),
35
,
47
,
49
,
50
–54,
58
–63,
80
,
82
–83,
129
,
141

Solidarity elections of 1989,
81

Jefferson, Thomas,
29
,
41

Jennings, Peter,
183

John Paul II (pope),
190
–191

Johnson, Ben,
39

Johnson, Daniel,
223

Jordan,
106

Jubilee of 1989 (GDR),
66
,
115
,
135
,
147
–152

Judt, Tony,
219
,
238

Julius Caesar,
131

Kadar, Janos,
84
–85,
88

Kagan, Robert,
215
,
237

Karl-Marx-Stadt, rise of opposition,
158

Karpati, Ferenc,
57
,
68
–69

Kat,
52
–53,
59
,
81

Katowice,
51
–52

Keller, Bill,
222

Kennan, George,
61

Kennedy, John F.,
3
,
10

Kent State University,
225
–226

Kessler, Heinz,
68
–69,
117

KGB secret police,
11
–12,
25
,
53
,
135
–136,
140

Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruholla,
83

Khrushchev, Nikita S.,
17

Ki-moon, Ban,
219

Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite
(Behr),
236

Kiszcak, Czeslaw

at Round Table (1989),
48
,
59
,
63
,
80
,
82
–83

Solidarity elections of 1989,
82
,
84

Klaus, Vaclav,
184

Kochemasov, Vyacheslav,
154
–155,
234

Kohl, Helmut

attitudes toward German reunification,
23
–28,
127

fall of Berlin Wall and,
9
,
72
–76,
175
,
228
–229,
235
–236

Gorbachev and,
12

nuclear deterrence and,
74
–76

refugees from GDR and,
113
–114,
125
–127

Korean War, impact of,
23

Kornblum, John,
10

Kosovo,
47

Kovacs, Gyula,
99
–100,
102

Kraków,
82

Krauthammer, Charles,
214
,
236
–237

Krenz, Egon

collapse of GDR and,
163
,
165
–167,
169
,
170
,
172
,
173
,
204
,
234
–235

fall of Berlin Wall and,
7
–9,
65
,
223
,
234

GDR Jubilee of 1989 and,
148
,
150

as leader of GDR,
156
–161,
175

refugees from GDR and,
133
–135

rise of opposition in GDR,
154
–156

Kreuzberg,
24

Krol, Marek,
130

Kubek, Tony,
94

Kubisova, Marta,
182

Kulcsar, Kalman,
145
,
206

as justice minister of Hungary,
29
,
30
–31,
33
,
36
,
41
,
55

Kurfurstendamm (West Berlin),
120

Kuron, Jacek,
53
–54

Kuwait,
214

Kwiatkowski, Stanislaw,
230

Lake Balaton,
57
,
68
,
95
,
98
,
101
,
113
,
207
,
232

Lance missiles,
229

Largo Desolato
(Havel),
136

League of Young Democrats (Fidesz),
32

Lebow, Richard,
224

Leipzig

fall of Berlin Wall and,
172
,
234

refugees from GDR and,
124
,
135
,
160

rise of opposition,
152
,
153
,
155
,
158
–159

Lenin's Tomb,
65
–66

Letna Park (Prague),
188
–190

Libby, I. Lewis “Scooter,”
61
–62

Lightbody, Bradley,
222

Links, Christoph,
234

Lion at the Gate
(Hayward),
221
–222

Lives of Others, The
(film),
224

Lobkowitz Palace (Prague),
122

Lomakin, Viktor,
183

Loren, Sophia,
106

Luther, Martin,
68

Lux, Silvia,
103
,
231

Madison, James,
29
,
41

Magdeburg, refugees from GDR and,
148
,
160

Magic Lantern (Prague theater),
178
,
183
–184,
187

Maier, Charles S.,
163
–164,
230
–231,
232
,
234
,
235

Manifesto for the Earth
(Gorbachev),
222
–223

Mann, James,
13
,
222

Mao Zedong,
23
,
27

Marshall Plan,
4
,
21

Marx, Karl,
34

Marxist Leninism,
31

Masur, Kurt,
155

Matlock, Jack,
63
,
227

May Day (1989),
65
–66,
69
–70,
228

Mazilu, Dumitru,
197

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz,
47
,
129

Mecklenburg,
121

Meine Letzte Mission
(Kochemasov),
234

Mejstrik, Martin,
176
–178,
180
,
182
–183,
187

Meszaros, Ferenc,
97
–98

Michnik, Adam,
63
,
128
–129,
227

Mielke, Erich

fall of of GDR,
163

Order No.
2
and,
25
–27

rise of opposition in GDR,
150
,
154
,
155
,
156

as Stasi chief,
25
,
65
,
134
,
157

Milea, Vasile,
194
,
195

Military-industrial complex,
21

Missouri
(battleship),
10

Mitterand, François,
126
,
213

Mock, Alois,
100

modernization debate,
74
–75

Modern Romania
(Gallagher),
236

Modrow, Hans,
163

Mongolia, Polish embassy in,
81

Moscow.
See
Soviet Union, former

Musial, Stan,
94

mutual nuclear deterrence,
5

Nagy, Imre

in Hungarian revolt of 1956,
34
–35,
84
–85,
230

reburial of,
84
–88

Nagy, Laszlo,
102
–103,
231

National Defense Education Act (1958),
21

National Defense University,
75

National Endowment for Democracy,
2
,
222

National Gallery of Art (Budapest),
86

National Salvation Front (Romania),
197

National Security Archive,
231

National Security Council

fall of Berlin Wall and,
10
,
13

National Security Archive,
230
–231

U.S.-Soviet relations and,
60
,
76
,
226

NATO.
See
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Nazi Germany,
210
–211

Nazi SS headquarters (Berlin),
15
–16

NBC (television network),
9

Nemeth, Miklos,
145

background of,
28
,
32

fall of communism in Hungary and,
28
,
29
–30,
41
–42,
67
,
69
–73,
144
–145,
206
–207,
228
–231,
236

Gorbachev and,
55
–58,
60
–61,
63
,
73
,
226
–228

as Hungarian prime minister,
28
,
32
–33,
36
–38,
41
–42,
43
,
73

Pan-European Picnic (1989) and,
97
–104,
231
–232

reburial of Imre Nagy and,
85
–87

refugees from GDR and,
97
–104,
104
–105,
113
–126

at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989),
91
–95

Neruda, Pablo,
185

Neues Forum (New Forum),
152

New Forum (GDR),
172
–173,
178

Newsweek,
23
,
31
,
89
,
108
,
110
–111,
116
,
128
,
132
,
140
,
161
,
167
,
184
,
214
,
217
,
221
,
225
,
228
,
230
–231,
232
,
234

Newsweek International,
223
,
224
,
232

New World Order,
213

New York Review of Books,
237
,
238

New York Times,
4
,
222
,
229

New York Times Magazine,
222
,
237

Nicaragua,
210

Niedzielak, Stefan,
51

Niekro, Phil,
94

Nixon, Richard,
106

Nobel Peace Prize,
47
,
135
,
204

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Balkan wars and,
213
–214

Cold War and,
21

Fulda Gap and,
18
,
76
–77,
210

Hungary and,
57

Kosovo and,
47

nuclear deterrence,
60
–61,
74
–78

Warsaw Pact and,
19
–20

North Korea,
217

Nowa Huta,
51
–52

Nuclear Audit (Brookings Institution),
22
–23,
223
–224

nuclear deterrence/disarmament,
5
,
12
–13,
21
,
55
–58,
60
–63,
72
,
74
–78,
207
,
229
,
237
–238