The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (35 page)

38 Herbert Schlangemann, “Towards the Simulation of E-commerce,” in
Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering
, vol. 5, CSSE 2008 (Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society, 2008), 1144–47, doi:10.1109/CSSE.2008.1.

39. Narrative Science, “Forbes Earnings Preview: H.J. Heinz,” August 24, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/narrativescience/2012/08/24/forbes-earnings-preview-h-j-heinz-3/.

40. “How Stereolithography 3-D Layering Works,”
HowStuffWorks
, http://computer.howstuffworks.com/stereolith.htm (accessed August 4, 2013).

41. Claudine Zap, “3D Printer Could Build a House in 20 Hours,” August 10, 2012, http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/3d-printer-could-build-house-20-hours-224156687.html; see also Samantha Murphy, “Woman Gets Jawbone Made By 3D Printer,” February 6, 2012, http://mashable.com/2012/02/06/3d-printer-jawbone/; “Great Ideas Soar Even Higher with 3D Printing,” 2013, http://www.stratasys.com/resources/case-studies/aerospace/nasa-mars-rover.

Chapter 3
MOORE’S LAW AND THE SECOND HALF OF THE CHESSBOARD

1. G. E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,”
Electronics
38, no. 8 (April 19, 1965): 114–17, doi:10.1109/jproc.1998.658762.

2. Ibid.

3. Michael Kanellos, “Moore’s Law to Roll on for Another Decade,”
CNET
, http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-984051.html (accessed June 26, 2013).

4. Rick Merritt, “Broadcom: Time to Prepare for the End of Moore’s Law,”
EE Times
, May 23, 2013, http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1263256.

5. Adam Sneed, “A Brief History of Warnings About the Demise of Moore’s Law,”
Future Tense
blog, Slate.com, May 3, 2012, http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/05/03/michio_kako_and_a_brief_history_of_warnings_about_the_end_of_moore_s_law.html (accessed June 26, 2013).

6. “Moore’s Law: The Rule That Really Matters in Tech,”
CNET
, October 15, 2012, http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57526581-76/moores-law-the-rule-that-really-matters-in-tech/.

7. H. J. R Murray,
A History of Chess
(Northampton, MA: Benjamin Press, 1985).

8. Ray Kurzweil,
The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence
(London: Penguin, 2000), p. 36.

9. See http://www.cuug.ab.ca/~branderr/pmc/012_coal.html (accessed September 23, 2013).

10. Ionut Arghire, “The Petaflop Barrier Is Down, Going for the Exaflop?,”
Softpedia
, June 10, 2008, http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Petaflop-Barrier-Is-Down-Going-for-the-Exaflop-87688.shtml.

11. “The Tops in Flops,”
Scribd
, http://www.scribd.com/doc/88630700/The-Tops-in-Flops (accessed June 26, 2013).

12. Matt Gemmell, “iPad Multi-Touch,” May 9, 2010, http://mattgemmell.com/2010/05/09/ipad-multi-touch/.

13. “Company News; Cray to Introduce A Supercomputer,”
New York Times
, February 11, 1988, http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/02/business/company-news-cray-to-introduce-a-supercomputer.html (accessed June 26, 2013).

14. Thomas Fine, “The Dawn of Commercial Digital Recording,”
ARSC Journal
39 (Spring 2008): 1–17; Jurrien Raif, “Steven Sasson Named to CE Hall of Fame,”
Let’s Go Digital
, September 18, 2007, http://www.letsgodigital.org/en/16859/ce-hall-of-fame/.

15. “Hendy’s Law,” Nida Javed, December 7, 2012, http://prezi.com/v-rooknipogx/hendys-law/.

16. Josep Aulinas et al., “The SLAM Problem: A Survey,” in
Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Artificial Intelligence Research and Development: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the Catalan Association for Artificial Intelligence
(Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2008), pp. 363–71, http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id =1566899.1566949.

17. Dylan McGrath, “Teardown: Kinect Has Processor after All,”
EE Times
, November 15, 2010, http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4210757/Teardown—Kinect-has-processor-after-all.

18. “Microsoft Kinect Sales Top 10 Million, Set New Guinness World Record,”
Mashable
, March 9, 2011, http://mashable.com/2011/03/09/kinect-10-million/ (accessed June 26, 2013).

19. “Xbox Kinect’s Game Launch Lineup Revealed,”
Mashable
, October 18, 2010, http://mashable.com/2010/10/18/kinect-launch-games/ (accessed June 26, 2013).

20. “KinectFusion: The Self-Hack That Could Change Everything,”
The Creators Project
, August 18, 2011, http://thecreatorsproject.vice.com/blog/kinectfusion-the-self-hack-that-could-change-everything (accessed June 26, 2013).

21. Sarah Kessler, “KinectFusion HQ – Microsoft Research,” http://research.microsoft.com/apps/video/dl.aspx?id=152815 (accessed June 26, 2013).

22. “Microsoft’s KinectFusion Research Project Offers Real-time 3D Reconstruction, Wild AR Possibilities,”
Engadget
, August 9, 2011, http://www.engadget.com/2011/08/09/microsofts-kinectfusion-research-project-offers-real-time-3d-re/ (accessed June 26, 2013).

23. Thomas Whelan et al., “Kintinuous: Spatially Extended KinectFusion,” n.d., http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/71756/MIT-CSAIL-TR-2012-020.pdf?sequence=1.

24. Brett Solomon, “Velodyne Creating Sensors for China Autonomous Vehicle Market,”
Technology Tell
, July 5, 2013, http://www.technologytell.com/in-car-tech/4283/velodyne-creating-sensors-for-china-autonomous-vehicle-market/.

Chapter 4
THE DIGITIZATION OF JUST ABOUT EVERYTHING

1. Nick Wingfield and Brian X. Chen, “Apple Keeps Loyalty of Mobile App Developers,”
New York Times
, June 10, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/technology/apple-keeps-loyalty-of-mobile-app-developers.html.

2. “How Was the Idea for Waze Created?,” http://www.waze.com/faq/ (accessed June 27, 2013).

3. Daniel Feldman, “Waze Hits 20 Million Users!,” July 5, 2012, http://www.waze.com/blog/waze-hits-20-million-users/.

4. Carl Shapiro and Hal R. Varian,
Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy
(Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1998), p. 3.

5. Jules Verne,
Works of Jules Verne
(New York: V. Parke, 1911), http://archive.org/details/worksofjulesvern01vernuoft.

6. Shapiro and Varian,
Information Rules
, p. 21.

7. “Friendster,”
Wikipedia
, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friendster&oldid=559301831 (accessed June 27, 2013); “History of Wikipedia,”
Wikipedia
, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Wikipedia&oldid=561664870 (accessed June 27, 2013); “Blogger (service),”
Wikipedia
, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blogger_(service)&oldid=560541931 (accessed June 27, 2013).

8. “Top Sites,”
Alexa: The Web Information Company
, http://www.alexa.com/topsites (accessed September 8, 2012).

9. “IBM Watson Vanquishes Human Jeopardy Foes,”
PCWorld
, February 16, 2011, http://www.pcworld.com/article/219893/ibm_watson_vanquishes_human_jeopardy_foes.html.

10. “IBM’s Watson Memorized the Entire ‘Urban Dictionary,’ Then His Overlords Had to Delete It,”
The Atlantic
, January 10, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/ibms-watson-memorized-the-entire-urban-dictionary-then-his-overlords-had-to-delete-it/267047/.

11. Kevin J. O’Brien, “Talk to Me, One Machine Said to the Other,”
New York Times
, July 29, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/technology/talk-to-me-one-machine-said-to-the-other.html.

12. “VNI Forecast Highlights,”
Cisco
, http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/sp/vni/vni_forecast_highlights/index.html (accessed June 28, 2013).

13. “VNI Forecast Highlights,”
Cisco
, http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/sp/vni/vni_forecast_highlights/index.html (accessed June 28, 2013).

14. Infographic, “The Dawn of the Zettabyte Era,”
Cisco Blogs
, http://blogs.cisco.com/news/the-dawn-of-the-zettabyte-era-infographic/ (accessed June 28, 2013).

15. Russ Rowlett, “How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement,” April 16, 2005, http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/prefixes.html.

16. Rumi Chunara, Jason R. Andrews, and John S. Brownstein, “Social and News Media Enable Estimation of Epidemiological Patterns Early in the 2010 Haitian Cholera Outbreak,”
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
86, no. 1 (2012): 39–45, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0597.

17. Sitaram Asur and Bernardo A. Huberman,
Predicting the Future with Social Media
,” arXiv e-print, Cornell University Library, March 29, 2010, http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.5699.

18. Jennifer Howard, “Google Begins to Scale Back Its Scanning of Books From University Libraries,”
Chronicle of Higher Education
, March 9, 2012, http://chronicle.com/article/Google-Begins-to-Scale-Back/131109/.

19. “Culturomics,” http://www.culturomics.org/ (accessed June 28, 2013).

20. Jean-Baptiste Michel et al., “Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books,”
Science
331, no. 6014 (2011): 176–82, doi:10.1126/science.1199644.

21. Steve Lohr, “For Today’s Graduate, Just One Word: Statistics,”
New York Times
, August 6, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/06/technology/06stats.html.

22. Boyan Brodaric,
Field Data Capture and Manipulation Using GSC Fieldlog V3.0
, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-269 (Geological Survey of Canada, October 7, 1997), http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-269/brodaric.html.

23.
Selective Availability
(National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing, February 17, 2012), http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/modernization/sa/.

Chapter 5
INNOVATION: DECLINING OR RECOMBINING?

1. Henry Southgate,
Many Thoughts of Many Minds: Being a Treasury of Reference Consisting of Selections from the Writings of the Most Celebrated Authors . . .
(Griffin, Bohn, and Company, 1862), p. 451.

2. Paul R. Krugman,
The Age of Diminished Expectations: U.S. Economic Policy in the 1990s
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997), p. 11.

3. Joseph Alois Schumpeter,
Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process
(Philadelphia, NJ: Porcupine Press, 1982), p. 86.

4. Robert J. Gordon,
Is U.S. Economic Growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds
, Working Paper (National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2012), http://www.nber.org/papers/w18315.

5. Ibid.

6. Tyler Cowen,
The Great Stagnation: How America Ate All the Low-hanging Fruit of Modern History, Got Sick, and Will (Eventually) Feel Better
(New York: Dutton, 2011).

7. Gavin Wright, “Review of Helpman (1998),”
Journal of Economic Literature
38

(March 2000): 161–62.

8. Boyan Jovanovic and Peter L. Rousseau, “General Purpose Technologies,” in
Handbook of Economic Growth
, ed. Philippe Aghion and Steven N. Durlauf, vol. 1, Part B (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005), 1181–1224, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S157406840501018X.

9. Alexander J. Field,
Does Economic History Need GPTs?
(Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, 2008), http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1275023.

10. Gordon,
Is U.S. Economic Growth Over?
, p. 11.

11. Cowen,
The Great Stagnation
, location 520.

12. Gordon,
Is U.S. Economic Growth Over?
, p. 2.

13. Kary Mullis, “The Polymerase Chain Reaction” (Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1993), http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/mullis-lecture.html?print=1.

14. W. Brian Arthur,
The Nature of Technology: What It Is and How It Evolves
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), p. 122.

15. Paul Romer, “Economic Growth,”
Library of Economics and Liberty
, 2008, http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html.

16. Ibid.

17. Associated Press, “Number of Active Users at Facebook over the Years,”
Yahoo! Finance
, http://finance.yahoo.com/news/number-active-users-facebook-over-years-214600186—finance.html (accessed June 29, 2013).

18. Martin L. Weitzman, “Recombinant Growth,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics
113, no. 2 (1998): 331–60.

19. Ibid., 357.

20. Eric Raymond, “The Cathedral and the Bazaar,” September 11, 2000, http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/homesteading/cathedral-bazaar/.

21. “NASA Announces Winners of Space Life Sciences Open Innovation Competition,”
NASA – Johnson Space Center – Johnson News
, http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/2010/J10-017.html (accessed June 29, 2013).

22. Steven Domeck, “NASA Challenge Pavilion Results,” 2011, http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/651444main_InnoCentive%20NASA%20Challenge%20Results%20CoECI_D1_0915%20to%200955.pdf.

23. Lars Bo Jeppesen and Karim Lahkani, “Marginality and Problem Solving Effectiveness in Broadcast Search,”
Organization Science
20 (2013), http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3351241/Jeppesen_Marginality.pdf?sequence=2.

24. “Predicting Liability for Injury from Car Accidents,”
Kaggle
, 2013, http://www.kaggle.com/solutions/casestudies/allstate.

25. “Carlsberg Brewery Harnesses Design Innovation Using Affinnova,”
Affinnova
, http://www.affinnova.com/success-story/carlsberg-breweries/ (accessed August 6, 2013).

Chapter 6
ARTIFICIAL AND HUMAN INTELLIGENCE IN THE SECOND MACHINE AGE

1. John Markoff, “Israeli Start-Up Gives Visually Impaired a Way to Read,”
New York Times
, June 3, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/04/science/israeli-start-up-gives-visually-impaired-a-way-to-read.html.