Read The Oxford History of World Cinema Online
Authors: Geoffrey Nowell-Smith
The Oxford History of
World Cinema
EDITED BY GEOFFREY NOWELL-SMITH
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
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© Oxford University Press 1996
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First published 1996 First published in paperback 1997
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ISBN 0-19-811257-2 ISBN 0-19-874242-8 (Pbk.)
7 9 10 8 6
Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Butler & Tanner Ltd Frome and London
I should like to dedicate this book to the memory of my father, who did not live to see it
finished, and to my children, for their enjoyment.
Acknowledgements
T
his book has been a long time in preparation and in the course of it I have received help
from many quarters. I am grateful first of all to my contributors, and in particular to those
who, as well as diligently writing their own contributions to the book, also acted as
informal advisers on the project -- notably Thomas Elsaesser, Charles Musser, Ashish
Rajadhyaksha, and A. L. Rees. I also received specialist advice from Stephen Bottomore,
Pam Cook, Rosalind Delmar, Hugh Denman, Joel Finler, June Givanni, David Parkinson,
Jasia Reichert, and, most valuably of all, from Markku Salmi. I had administrative help in
the early stages from my niece Rebecca Nowell-Smith, and editorial assistance -- all too
briefly-from Sam Cook. For the last two years my Assistant Editor has been Kate
Beetham, to whom my debt is indescribable. Lael Lowinstein helped with the
bibliography. Picture research was conducted by Liz Heasman, whose knowledge and
judgement are unrivalled in this tricky field. The tiresome work of tracing picture
permissions devolved on Vicki Reeve and Diana Morris. For this normally thankless task
they deserve particular thanks. And thanks, too, to my editors at the Oxford University
Press, Andrew Lockett and Frances Whistler, especially for their patience.
Translations are by Robert Gordon (
Italy: Spectacle and Melodrama, The Scandinavian
Style, Italy from Fascism to Neo-Realism, Italy: Auteurs and After
); Gerald Brooke (
The
Soviet Union and the Russian Émigrés
); Timothy Seaton (
Cinema in the Soviet
Republics
); and Nina Taylor (
Yiddish Cinema in Europe, East Central Europe before the
Second World War, Changing States in East Central Europe
).
G.N.-S.
Contributors
Richard Abel ( USA)
Rick Altman ( USA)
Roy Armes (UK)
John Belton ( USA)
Janet Bergstrom ( USA)
Chris Berry ( Australia)
Hans-Michael Bock ( Germany)
David Bordwell ( USA)
Royal Brown ( USA)
Edward Buscombe (UK)
Michael Chanan (UK)
Paolo Cherchi Usai ( USA)
Donald Crafton ( USA)
Stephen Crofts ( Australia)
Chris Darke (UK)
Rosalind Delmar (UK)
Karel Dibbets ( Netherlands)
Michael Donnelly ( USA)
Phillip Drummond (UK)
Michael Eaton (UK)
Thomas Elsaesser ( Netherlands)
Cathy Fowler (UK)
Freda Freiberg ( Australia)
David Gardner ( USA)
Douglas Gomery ( USA)
Peter Graham ( France)
David Hanan ( Australia)
Phil Hardy (UK)
John Hawkridge (UK)
Susan Hayward (UK)
Marek and Malgorzata Hendrykowski ( Poland)
Michèle Hilmes ( USA)
Vida Johnson ( USA)
Anton Kaes ( USA)
Yusuf Kaplan (UK)
Philip Kemp (UK)
Peter Kenez ( USA)
Vance Kepley ( USA)
Marsha Kinder ( USA)
Hiroshi Komatsu ( Japan)
Antonia Lant ( USA)
Li Cheuk-to ( Hong Kong)
Jill McGreal. (UK)
Joe McElhaney ( USA)
P. Vincent Magombe (UK)
Richard Maltby (UK)
Martin Marks ( USA)
Morando Morandini ( Italy)
William Moritz ( USA)
Charles Musser ( USA)
Hamid Naficy ( USA)
James Naremore ( USA)
Kim Newman (UK)
Natalia Nussinova ( Russia)
Ed O'Neill ( USA)
Roberta Pearson (UK)
Duncan Petrie (UK)
Graham Petrie ( Canada)
Jim Pines (UK)
Jean Radvanyi ( France)
Ashish Rajadhyaksha ( India)
A. L. Rees (UK)
Mark A. Reid ( USA)
Eric Rentschler ( USA)
David Robinson (UK)
Bill Routt ( Australia)
Daniela Sannwald ( Germany)
Joseph Sartelle ( USA)
Thomas Schatz ( USA)
Ben Singer ( USA)
Vivian Sobchack ( USA)
Gaylyn Studlar ( USA)
Yuri Tsivian ( Latvia)
William Uricchio ( Netherlands)
Ruth Vasey ( Australia)
Ginette Vincendeau (UK)
Linda Williams ( USA)
Brian Winston (UK)
Esther Yau ( USA)
June Yip ( USA)
Contents
SPECIAL FEATURES
XV
LIST OF COLOUR ILLUSTRATION
S
XVII
GENERAL INTRODUCTI
ON
XIX
REFERENCE
S
XXII
INTRODUCTION
3
Origins and Survival PAOLO CHERCHI
USAI
6
Early Cinema ROBERTA PEARSON
13
Transitional Cinema ROBERTA PEARSON
23
The Hollywood Studio System DOUGLAS GOMERY
43
The World-Wide Spread of Cinema RUTH VASEY
53
The First World War and the Crisis in Europe
WILLIAM URICCHIO
62
Tricks and Animation DONALD CRAFT
ON
71
Comedy DAVID ROBINS
ON
78
Documentary CHARLES MUSS
ER
86
Cinema and the Avant-Garde A. L. REE
S
95
Serials BEN SING
ER
105
French Silent Cinema RICHARD ABEL
112
Italy: Spectacle and Melodrama PAOLO CHERCHI
USAI
123
British Cinema from Hepworth to Hitchcock JOHN HAWKRID
GE
130
Germany: The Weimar Years THOMAS ELSAESSER
136
The Scandinavian Style PAOLO CHERC
HI USAI
151
Pre-Revolutionary Russia YURI TSIV
IAN
159
The Soviet Union and the Russian Émigrés NATALIA NUSSINOVA
162
Yiddish Cinema in Europe MAREK & MALGORZATA HENDRYKOWSKI
174
Japan: Before the Great Kanto Earthquake HIROSHI KOMA
TSU
177
Music and the Silent Film MARTIN MARKS
183
The Heyday of the Silents GEOFFREY NOWELL-SMIT
H
192
INTRODUCTION
207
The Introduction of Sound KAREL DIBBETS
211
Hollywood: The Triumph of the Studio System THOMAS SCHAT
Z
220
Censorship and Self-Regulation RICHARD MALTBY
235
The Sound of Music MARTIN MARKS
248
Technology and Innovation JOHN BELTON
259
Animation WILLIAM MORIT
Z
267
Cinema and Genre RICK AL
TMAN
276
The Western EDWARD BUSCOMB
E
286
TheMusical RICK AL
TMAN
294
Crime Movies PHIL HARDY
304
The Fantastic VIVIAN SOBCHACK
312
Documentary CHARLES MUSS
ER
322
Socialism, Fascism, and Democracy GEOFFREY NOWELL-SMITH
333
The Popular Art of French Cinema GINETTE
VINCENDEAU
344
Italy from Fascism to Neo-Realism MORANDO
MORANDINI
353
Britain at the End of Empire ANTONIA LANT
361
Germany: Nazism and After ERIC RENTSCHL
ER
374
East Central Europe Before the Second World War MALGORZATA
ENDRYKOWSKA
383
Soviet Film Under Stalin PETER KENEZ
389
Indian Cinema: Origins to Independence ASHISH RAJADHYAKSHA
China Before 1949 CHRIS BERRY
409
The Classical Cinema in Japan HIROSHI KOMAT
SU
413
The Emergence of Australian Film BILL ROUTT
422
Cinema in Latin America MICHAEL
CHANAN
427
After the War GEOFFREY NOWELL-SMITH
436
Transformation of the Hollywood System DOUGLAS GOMERY
443
Independents and Mavericks GEOFFREY NOWELL-SMIT
H
451
Television and the Film Industry MICHÉLE HILME
S
466
The New Hollywood DOUGLAS GOMERY
475
New Technologies JOHN BELTON
483
Sex and Sensation LINDA WILLIAMS
490
The Black Presence in American Cinema JIM PINES
497
Exploitation and the Mainstream
KIM NEWMAN
509
Dreams and Nightmares in the Hollywood Blockbuster JOSEPH SARTELLE
516
Cinema Verité and the New Documentary CHARLES MUSSER
527
Avant-Garde Film: The Second Wave A. L. REE
S
537
Animation in the Post-Industrial Era WILLIAM MORIT
Z
551
Modern Film Music ROYAL
BROWN
558
Art Cinema GEOFFREY NOWELL-SMITH
567
New Directions in French Cinema PETER GRAHAM
576
Italy:Auteurs and After MORANDO
MORANDINI
586
Spain After Franco MARSHA KINDER
596
British Cinema: The Search for Iden
tity DUNCAN PETRIE
604
The New German Cinema ANTON KAE
S
614
East Germany: The DEFA Story HANS-MICHAEL BOCK
627
Changing States in East Central Europe MAREK HENDRYKOWSKI
632
Russia After the Thaw VIDA JOHNSON
640
Cinema in the Soviet Republics JEAN RADV
ANYI
651
Turkish Cinema YUSUF KAP
LAN
656