Authors: Michelle Alexander

The New Jim Crow (52 page)

BOOK: The New Jim Crow

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Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals

Eleventh Amendment

Emancipation Proclamation

Emanuel, Rahm

The Emerging Republican Majority
(Phillips)

employment: and ex-criminal offenders; joblessness and violent crime rates; manufacturing jobs and deindustrialization; the “negative credential” and system of state-sponsored stratification; service-sector jobs; unemployment/joblessness

Erlichman, John

Erwin, Sam, Jr.

Farrakhan, Louis

fathers, black

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), antidrug funding

Federalism

Fields, C. Virginia

Fifteenth Amendment

The Fire Next Time
(Baldwin)

Flavor of Love
(VH1)

Florida v. Bostick

Forman, James, Jr.

Fourteenth Amendment; and crack sentencing; and death penalty sentencing; and jury exclusion; and police traffic stops; and racially discriminatory law enforcement

Fourth Amendment

Freedmen’s Bureau

Frye, Marilyn

Futterman, Craig

gang databases

“gangsta culture,”

gender gap (black men and women)

genocide and War on Drugs

Gideon v. Wainwright

globalization

Goldwater, Barry

Goodwill Industries

Great Depression

Guinier, Lani

Haldeman, H.R.

Harlem riots (1964)

Harmelin v. Michigan

Harwood, Richard

Hill, Barbara

Hininger, Damon

Hispanics/Latinos: prison admissions for drug offenses; rates of illegal drug use

homelessness

Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

housing discrimination

human rights approach

Human Rights Watch

Hurley, Ora Lee

In re Gault
(1967)

incarceration.
See
mass incarceration system

indentured servitude

indifference, racial

inner-city economic collapse

Irving, Lawrence

Jackson, Jesse

Jefferson, Thomas

“Jena 6,”

Jim Crow system: birth of; black cooperation with; and Civil Rights Movement; death of; and Supreme Court; voting rights and disenfranchisement; and World War II, 36.
See also
mass incarceration and Jim Crow (parallels/differences)

Johnson, Lyndon B.

Johnson, Sheri Lynn

Johnson, Willie

Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education

juries: and felon exclusion; and peremptory strikes; and prosecutors’ discretion; and “stereotypically black” defendants; Supreme Court rulings governing jury selection

Justice Department, U.S.; Bureau of Statistics; report in impact of bias in criminal justice system; and street crime

Justice Policy Institute

Karlan, Pamela

Kennedy, Justice Anthony

Kennedy, John F.

Kerlikowske, Gil

Kilty, Keith

King, Martin Luther

King, Martin Luther, Jr.; and affirmative action; call for complete restructuring of society; and civil rights lawyers/legal cases; on colorblindness and indifference; and human rights approach; and Poor People’s Movement; and Rosa Parks

Klarman, Michael

Kraska, Peter

Ku Klux Klan

Ku Klux Klan Acts

Lambright, Nshombi

Law & Order
(television)

law enforcement.
See
drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; police/police departments and drug-law enforcement

Lawrence, Charles

Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights of the San Francisco Bay Area

Leadership Conference on Civil Rights

Lee, William

Levine, Harry

liberal philosophy of race relations (Reconstruction era)

Lincoln, Abraham

Lockyer v. Andrade

Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD): databases for “gang-related” activity; and lethal chokeholds

Los Angeles Times

Loury, Glenn

Lyons, Adolph

Maclin, Tracey

Madison, James

Malcolm X

mandatory minimum sentencing; and Anti-Drug Abuse Act; and plea bargaining; reform efforts; and Supreme Court

March on Washington for Jobs and Economic Freedom (1963)

marijuana: and deaths; decriminalization of; felony possession and arrests; and mandatory sentencing guidelines; use by Clinton/Obama; and voting rights; white middle class users; white/black student users

Marshall, Prentiss

Marshall, Stanley

Marshall, Justice Thurgood

mass incarceration and Jim Crow (parallels/ differences); and argument that race has always influenced the criminal justice system; black support for “get tough” policies on crime; collective denial; differences /limits of the analogy; exclusion from juries; historical parallels; legalized discrimination; and marginalization; and overt racial hostility; parallels; political disenfranchisement; racial segregation; stereotypes about black men/ fathers; Supreme Court’s pattern of responding to racial caste/claims of racial bias; the symbolic production of race; white victims

mass incarceration system; and absence of black men/black fathers; arguments that race has always influenced the criminal justice system; collective denial of; and colorblindness; and crime reduction statistics; final stage (period of invisible punishment); first stage; incarceration rates; origins of; prison profiteers; private prisons; reform and dismantling of; second phase; size of; and stigma of criminality.
See also
post-prison release (ex-offenders); prisons; War on Drugs and the criminal justice system

Massey, Douglas

Matsuda, Mari

Mauer, Marc

McCaffrey, Barry

McClesky, Warren

McClesky v. Kemp

McCormick Institute of Public Affairs

McKnight, Gerald

McLaurin v. Oklahoma
(1950)

McNair, Murray

media coverage: crack cocaine stories; imagery of black drug users/drug criminals; and “Jena 6,”; and Obama’s campaign speech on fatherhood and personal responsibility; Reagan administration and War on Drugs

Miami Herald

Military Cooperation with Law Enforcement Act (1981)

military policing and War on Drugs

Miller, Jerome

Miller El v. Cockrell

The Miner’s Canary
(Torres and Guinier)

minstrel shows

Montgomery Bus Boycott

moratorium campaign (closing prisons)

Morgan, Edmund

Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick

Munnerlynn, William

Musto, David

Myrdal, Gunnar

NAACP: legal challenges to Jim Crow; Web site

NAACP Legal Defense Fund

National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, 1973 recommendations

National Center for Institutions and Alternatives

National Colored Convention ( 1853)

National Household Survey on Drug Abuse

National Institute on Drug Abuse

National Journal

National Legal Aid & Defender Association

National Security Decision Directive (Reagan administration)

Neal v. Delaware

New Deal

New York Police Department (NYPD)

New York Times

Newsweek

Nicaragua

Nietzsche, Friedrich

Nilsen, Eva

Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals

Nixon, Richard

Nunn, Dorsey

Obama, Barack; and black exceptionalism; and Byrne grant program; campaign speech on fatherhood and personal responsibility; and crack sentencing; and death penalty; presidency and racial justice advocacy; and War on Drugs; on white guilt and history of racial discrimination

O’Connor, Justice Sandra Day

Ohio v. Robinette

Omi, Michael

“One Strike and You’re Out” legislation

open-air drug markets

Operation Pipeline

Pager, Devah

paramilitary drug raids

Parchman, Farm

Parks, Rosa

parole violations

“passing,”