The Mohammed Code: Why a Desert Prophet Wants You Dead (68 page)

700
“When the events of Badr were over, God revealed al-Anfal (Surah 8) [Chapter 8 of the Qur’an, whose title means ‘Spoils Of War, Booty’] in its entirety.” al-Tabari. The History of al Tabari: English translation of "at Tareekh al Tabari". Albany: State University of New York PressTabari: Volume VII, p. 80. For the translation of the chapter title “al-Anfal” as “Spoils of War”, see University of Southern California. USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Translations of the Qur'an, Chapter 8. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/008.qmt.html.

701
Rory Carroll. New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe. The Guardian. March 11, 2004. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1166720,00.html
. Peter Hammond. Christian Action Magazine.

The Scourge of Slavery. vol. 4, 2004. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.christianaction.org.za/articles_ca/2004-4-TheScourgeofSlavery.htm
. Cindy Vallar. Captives of the Barbary States. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.cindyvallar.com/BCcaptives.html

702
According to Barbary Pirate buff Cindy Vallar, 83 of the captives were taken to the port of Algiers. Cindy Vallar. Captives of the Barbary States. Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://www.cindyvallar.com/BCcaptives.html

703
A Critique of the Origins of Islamic Economic Thought

by Yassine Essid Brill Academic Publishers, 1995: pp 32-33.

704
Khalid M. Baheyeldin. “Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn al-Walid al-Tartushi “. In “The Baheyeldin Dynasty”. 2002.
http://baheyeldin.com/history/abu-bakr-muhammad-ibn-al-walid-al-tartushi.html

705

Reuben Levy, The Social Structure of Islam: Being the Second Edition of the Sociology of Islam (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1957)pp. 434, 456, Questia, 25 Nov. 2005

706
Shakespeare indentified Othello in the title of his play as “Othello, The Moor of Venice”. “Moor” is a term that means a Moslem from North Africa. (
"Moor". Oxford English Dictionary (unabridged). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

"Moor" "Moor". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. V3.0. New York: Random House, 1998.
Moors. Wikipedia. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors
). However Thomas R Arp and Greg Johnson point out that Iago refers to Othello’s baptism and to a discussion with Desdemona, the heroine, in which “he clearly alludes to their shared belief in Christian salvation”. See Thomas R Arp, Greg Johnson. Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. Boston: Thomson Higher Education, 2006: p. 56.

707
Tom Scott,
Regional Identity and Economic Change: The Upper Rhine, 1450-1600
(Oxford: Oxford University, 1997) 5,
Questia
, 25 Nov. 2005 . Jason Goodwin. Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. Picador, 2003.

"the Moorish invasion of Spain in AD 711, which destroyed the Visigothic Empire, and this reshuffled the power alignments of all of western Europe. It also made the Mediterranean for a time an Islamic lake"

http://www.biblebelievers.org.au/sephard.htm

708
"5/9/1795. Repeat this date after me. ...the Mediterranean Sea was an Islamic lake." Sheikh Hilaly Sermon at Sidon Mosque 13.02.04 This translation comes from the Australian Embassy in Beirut and was obtained by the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Company). Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.abc.net.au/religion/stories/s1058934.htm

The Mediterranean ceased to be an Islamic Lake in June of 1985, when the American marines stormed “the shores of Tripoli” and forced the basha who harbored the Islamic navy, the “Barbary Corsairs”, into signing a peace treaty—The Treaty of Tripoli June 3, 1805. Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli#Tripolitan_War
. "Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce Between the President and Citizens of the United States of America, and the Basha, Bey, and Subjects of Tripoli, in Bombay, Concluded June 4, 1805; Ratified by the Senate April 12, 1806," Treaties and Conventions Concluded between the United States of America and Other Powers, Since July 4, 1776, published by the Department of State, 1889, page 1084.In Jim Allison, ed. The Constitutional Principle. Treaty of Tripoli, 1796, 1806. July 15, 1998. Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://members.tripod.com/~candst/tripoli1.htm

709
The term “Islamic Lake” is used in book after book after book. For an example, see Carlos Fuentes. The Buried Mirror: Reflections On Spain and the New World.

"Mare Nostrum, the Mediterranean, had been to all effects and purposes an Islamic Lake for nearly eight hundred years [by 1492]...But soon the rise of a new Muslim power, the Ottoman Empire, once more threatened the Mediterranean." Houghton Mifflin, 1999.

Dr.Mohsin Farooqui, an Islamic writer, puts it differently. In his view, the Moslem Turks "were masters of Mediterranean Sea".
Dr. Mohsin Farooqi.
Europe Under Muslim Rule. Retrieved From the Worldwide Web November 07, 2002.
http://www.jamatdawa.org/english/articles/history/europe_under_islam_iv.htm

710
Wikipedia. Battle of Lepanto 1571. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_%281571%29

711
Rudolph Schevill. Cervantes. New York: F. Ungar Publishing Company, 1966.

712
Wikipedia. Battle of Lepanto 1571. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_%281571%29

713
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissary
. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devshirmeh

714
Dr. Mohsin Farooqi.
Europe Under Muslim Rule. Retrieved From the Worldwide Web November 07, 2002.
http://www.jamatdawa.org/english/articles/history/europe_under_islam_iv.htm

715
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria

716
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire
. See also www.theottomans.org/english/history/history1800_3.asp;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia#Turkish_conquest

717
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia

718
The Balkan states formerly known as Yugoslavia were a battleground for Christianity and Islam for centuries. Serbia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina fell to the Moslem Ottomans in the 14th and 15th Century. Montenegro never succumbed to the Ottomans. Slovenia sought protection from the Moslem Ottomans by tucking itself into the Habsburg Empire, and Croatia was the scene of struggle between the Ottomans and the Christian Habsburgs. The Habsburgs finally prevailed.

719
ia: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa. Contributors: I. M. Lewis - author. Publisher: Westview Press. Place of P

720
^.
John L. Esposito,
The Islamic Threat: myth or reality
, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992: p. 171.

721
Chapter 8. verse 12. The Holy Qur’an. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali.

722
Ali A. Mazrui Director, Institute of Global Cultural Studies and Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities State University of New York at Binghamton, New York, USA and Albert Luthuli Professor-at-Large University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large Emeritus and Senior Scholar in Africana Studies Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA Chancellor, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Kenya Pax Islamica: Muslim Values Between War And Peace. Lecture given at the American University School of Public Service, Washington, DC, November 12, 2003. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.swahilionline.com/features/articles/mazrui/mazrui10.htm

723
^.
Basil Davidson,
Africa In History
, p. 219.

724
Wikipedia. Dar al-Harb. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Harb

725
^.
David Robinson. Muslim Societies in African History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2004: p. 18. D.S. Roberts,
Islam: A Concise Introduction
, pp. 42 43. The

interpretation cited as nearly universal by Roberts is probably derived from verses 191-193 of the Qur’anic chapter Al-Baqara, whose passages say, "slay them wherever ye catch them and turn them out from where they have turned you out; for tumult and oppression are worse than slaughter; ... Such is the reward of those who suppress faith. ...And fight them on until there is no more tumult or oppression and there prevail justice and faith in Allah." "Justice," in the eyes of many ancient and modern Moslems, means the imposition of Qur’anic law. "Faith" is understood to be faith in Islam. Hence the passage, in the eyes of many, instructs the pious to use slaughter to impose Qur’anic law and Islam, since slaughter is preferable to the continuance of non-Islamic codes and beliefs ("tumult and oppression").

726
Maulana A. S. Muhammad Abdul Hai (Rah.). Holy Life Of Hazrat Muhammad

(
Hayyat-E-Tayyaba
). Delhi, India: Islami Academy, 1984. Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://www.al-islamforall.org/litre/Englitre/Hmohd.htm

727
the date of establishment of the Dutch East India Company. See Wikipedia. Dutch East Indian Company. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company

728
Edward Gibbon. The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire.

Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap68.htm#Assault